1. Anatomical Language and Terminology

2. It all seems Greek to me!!!!
Often students complain that when they study anatomy it seems so hard because it’s like learning a foreign language.
Well, it is!
Most of the anatomical terms you will learn are Latin or Greek so it may take some time and effort to learn them

3. Basic terms
In the following pictures look for the following terms and their meanings:
Digits 6. Sternal
Abdominal 7. Thoracic
Oral 8. Axillary
Carpal 9. Coxal
Brachial 10. Hallux

4. Some common anatomical terms

5. Some more terms
In the following pictures look for the following terms and their meanings;
1.Occipital 2. Gluteal
3. Popliteal 4. Plantar
5. Sacral 6. Lumbar
7. Cervical 8. Dorsal
9. Vertebral 10. Perineal

6. Some more
common anatomical terms

7. Which is my front and which is my back???
There are many terms which refer to the alignment of one body part to another.
These allow us to describe the location of muscles and other structures as well as allowing us to describe body orientation

8. Basic terms Term Meaning Anterior
The front of the body or towards the front
Posterior
The back of the body or towards the back
Medial
The inner side or towards the middle of the body
Lateral
The outer side or towards the outside of the body

9. The chest is anterior to back.
Some examples ….
The chest is anterior to back.
The buttocks are posterior to the stomach.
The breastbone (sternum) is a medial structure.
An ear is lateral to the nose.

10. Towards the body’s surface Deep Away from the surface
Superior
Towards the head or the top of the body, or being on top
Inferior
Towards the feet or the bottom of the body, or being underneath
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part
Distal
Further away from the origin of the body part
Superficial
Towards the body’s surface
Deep
Away from the surface

11. The head is superior to the neck. The navel is inferior to the chest
Some examples ….
The head is superior to the neck.
The navel is inferior to the chest
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
The foot is distal to the knee.
The skin is superficial to the bones.
The lungs are deep to the ribs.

12. Learning Tools On a friend point to: the superior part of their arm;
their posterior trunk;
the distal part of the leg;
the superficial abdominal muscles.

13. The body in space……
There are terms which describe body alignment and body position.
Look at the following picture.

15. We move in three dimensions
As we swing our arms forward and backwards we move in the sagittal plane.
As we take arms out to the side we move in the frontal plane.
As we twist our hips in and out we move in the transverse plane.

16. Please refer to the video for demonstrations of different movements.
Movements mean Action !
Please refer to the video for
demonstrations of different movements.

17. Learning Tools
Practise these movements with the video.

18. 1. Abduction / Adduction Movements
Abduction is taking the body part away from the middle of the body.
Adduction is moving the body part towards the middle of the body.
These movements occur in the frontal plane.

19. Abduction and Adduction

20. 2. Flexion/ Extension
Flexion is when we bring the front surfaces together
Extension is moving the body part backwards.
The exception is with the knee ankle and toes, due to development in utero the opposite applies to the lower limb.
These movements occur in the sagittal plane.

21. Flexion and Extension

22. Flexion and extension in the knee

23. Flexion and extension in the ankle
In the ankle, flexion is called plantarflexion and extension is called dorsiflexion

24. 3. Circumduction
Circumduction is when we move a joint around and around. The shoulder is able to be moved in such a way.

25. 4. Medial / Internal Rotation – Lateral External Rotation
Medial or internal rotation is when we twist a joint in towards the body
Lateral or external rotation is when we twist a joint away from the body

26. Medial and Lateral Rotation
Medial rotation is when you take your hand towards to stomach, lateral rotation is when you take the hand away.

27. 5. Inversion and Eversion
Inversion and eversion are terms used to
describe movement of the foot. Twisting the foot
in is called inversion whilst twisting the foot out is
called eversion

28. Inversion and Eversion

29. 6. Pronation and Supination
Pronation and supination are the terms which describe the movement of the forearm. Supination is the movement which allows the palm of the hand to face upwards whilst pronation of the forearm allows the palm of the hand to face downwards.

30. Pronation and Supination

31. Learning tools

32. Types of Contractions Muscles can contract in different ways:-
Concentric contractions
Eccentric contractions
Isometric contractions

33. Concentric contractions
A muscle contracts concentrically when it
shortens its length and generates power.
Some examples of a concentric
contraction are a biceps curl, a hamstrings
curl and doing triceps extensions.

34. Eccentric contractions
A muscle contracts eccentrically when it
lengthens as it generates strength and
power.
Some examples of an eccentric contraction
are squats (as you lower down) and
negative reps” exercises in the gym where
you lower weights slowly against gravity or
lower your bodyweight down a stair.

35. Some examples of concentric and eccentric contractions

36. Isometric contractions
A muscle contracts isometrically when it
stays at the same length as it generates
strength and power.
Some examples of isometric contraction
are when you are attempting to lift or move
an immoveable object and when you hold
a weight still at arm's length.

37. An example of an isometric contractions