1. Industrial Revolution SOCIAL IMPACT

2. Urbanization  After 1800, more people started to live in cities  Growth of factory system was the driving force behind the growth of cities  Industrial centers grew wherever there were natural resources and reliable forms of transportation (rivers, canals, roads, rail lines)

3. Living Conditions  Rapid urbanization meant no city planning, sanitary or building codes (government could not keep up)  Unpaved roads, poor sewers, lack of adequate housing, education, fire and police protection  Homes were dark, dirty, and cramped  People were often sick and many died of disease (cholera epidemics were frequent)  Average life span in 1842 was 17 in cities compared to 38 in rural areas

4. Working Conditions  14 hour days  6 days a week  Poorly lit and dirty factories led to accidents that injured and killed workers  No government oversight or insurance for injuries

5. The Middle Class  Factory owners, merchants, bankers now had more money than landowners and aristocrats (who used to hold all the power)  Landowners looked down on those who made money through business  Upper Middle Class- government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers  Lower Middle Class- Factory overseers, skilled workers, drafters, printers

6. The Working Class  1800-1850 laborers saw little improvement in conditions  Replaced by machines  Violence broke out over poor living and working conditions throughout England

7. Positive Effects  Created jobs for workers  Contributed to the wealth of the nation  New technology and inventions  Increased production rates  Raised the standard of living  Provided hope for improvement in people’s lives  Better diets, housing, clothing eventually  Expanded educational opportunities

8. Environmental Impact  Increased air pollution  Increased environmental damage due to mining, clearing of land, air pollution from factories and contamination of water supplies