1. Emerging Adulthood: (Chapters 17-19) Biosocial Cognitive Psychosocial
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Emerging Adulthood:
(Chapters 17-19)
Biosocial
Cognitive
Psychosocial

2. Emerging Adulthood
The period between the ages of 18 and 25, which is now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage.

3. Strong and Active Bodies
Growth and Strength
Strong and Active Bodies
Emerging adults are usually in good health.
Traditionally, ages 18 and 25 were a time for hard physical work and childbearing.
Physical work and parenthood are no longer expected of every young adult in the 21st century.
Because of food availability, most emerging adults have reached full height
(girls usually by age 16, boys by age 18).
Muscle growth and fat accumulation continue into the early 20s, when women attain adult breast and hip size and men reach full shoulder width and upper-arm strength.

4. Bodies Designed for Health
By age 20, the immune system is well-developed
Usually…
blood pressure is normal
heart rate is steady
the brain is fully grown
and lung capacity is as large as it will ever be.
Senescence [si-nes-uhnts]
The process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient.
Begins in late adolescence

5. Bodies in Balance Homeostasis Organ reserve Maximum strength potential
The adjustment of all the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium.
As the body ages, it takes longer for these adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress.
Nutrition and exercise underlie health at every age.
Organ reserve
The capacity of organs to allow the
body to cope with stress, via extra,
unused functioning ability.
Maximum strength potential
Begins to decline by age 25

6. Sexual Activity
The sexual-reproductive system is especially vigorous during emerging adulthood.
The sex drive is powerful, infertility is rare, orgasm is frequent, and birth is easy, with fewer complications in the early 20s than at any other time.
Sexual-reproductive characteristics are produced by sex hormones, which peak in both sexes at about age 20.

7. Emotional Stress
One consequence of current sexual patterns may be emotional stress as relationships begin and end.
Attitudes about the purpose of sex (Laumann & Michael):
Reproduction
Relationship
Recreation
If partners have differing ideas about the purpose of sex or the nature of gender, emotional pain and frustration can occur.

8. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
STIs have always been present but the rate has reached epidemic proportions due to sexual patterns.
Best way to prevent STIs is lifelong monogamy.
Worldwide, globalization fuels every contagious disease.

9. Psychopathology Diathesis-stress model [dahy-ath-uh-sis]
Incidence of psychopathology increases in emerging adulthood.
Rate of serious mental illness is almost double that for adults over age 25.
Diathesis-stress model
[dahy-ath-uh-sis]
View that mental disorders are produced by the interaction of genetics (diathesis) and a stressful environment and life events.

10. Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
May begin in childhood but becomes more severe in adulthood.
Depression
Most common mood disorder
A loss of interest or pleasure for 2 weeks or more.
May be rooted in imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormones

11. Anxiety Disorders Evident in ¼ of all U.S. residents below 25
Panic attacks, PTSD, and OCD
More common, worldwide than depression
Age and genetics shape the symptoms
Hikikomori
Common among
young adults in Japan
Victims isolate themselves
for months or years

12. Schizophrenia About 1% of adults have schizophrenia
Disorganized and bizarre thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and emotions
Risk factors: genetic, malnutrition when brain is developing, social pressure.
Symptoms usually begin in adolescence

13. Exercise Reduces blood pressure, strengthens the heart & lungs.
Makes depression, osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis and some cancers less likely.
Those who are not fit during emerging adulthood are 4 times more likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure 15 years later.

14. Eating Well At every stage of life, diet affects future development
Set point
A certain body weight that a person’s homeostatic processes strive to maintain.
Body mass index (BMI)
The ratio of a person’s weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared.
Body Mass Index Calculator:

15. Taking Risks
Emerging adulthood is marked by a greater willingness to take risks of all sorts, not just sexual ones.
- drive without seat belts, carry guns, try addictive drugs.
Edgework
Occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve a
degree of risk or danger.
The prospect of “living on the edge” makes edgework compelling to some individuals.
Extreme sports
Forms of recreation that include
apparent risk of injury or death and
that are attractive and thrilling as a
result.

16. Drug Abuse Drug abuse Drug addiction
The ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological or psychological well-being.
Drug addiction
A condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug from the individual’s system produces a drive—physiological, biological, or both—to ingest more of the drug.

17. Drug Abuse

18. A Way to Curb Alcohol Abuse in College
Social norms approach
A method of reducing risky behavior among emerging adults that is based on their desire to follow social norms.
This approach publicizes survey results to make emerging adults aware of the actual prevalence of various behaviors within their peer group.

19. Cognitive Development Emerging Adulthood
Add Postformal Thought from 7e,

20. Postformal Thought
A proposed stage of cognitive development, after Piaget’s 4 stages
Extends adolescent thinking by being
more practical, flexible, and dialectical
Characterized by “problem finding”
Person is more open with ideas and less concerned with absolute right and wrong

21. Delay Discounting Delay discounting
Tendency to undervalue, or ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of immediate gratification
i.e. texting while driving

22. Is Postformal Really a Stage?
Piaget’s post-formal thought stage is controversial
Prefrontal cortex is not mature until one’s early 20’s
Adult qualitatively different from adolescent thought

23. protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt)
Labouvie-Vief investigated age differences in self-descriptions.
protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt)
dysregulated (fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems)
complex (valuing openness and independence above all
integrated (able to regulate emotions and logic)

24. Postformal Thought
Ability to combine subjective and objective reasoning
Subjective thought
Thinking that is based on personal qualities of the individual thinker (i.e. experiences, culture, goals)
Objective thought
Thinking that is not based on thinker’s personal qualities but instead based valid facts and numbers

25. Postformal Thought Cognitive Flexibility
The hallmark of postformal thinking
Ability to be:
practical
to predict
to combine subjective/objective thinking
Helps people deal with unforeseen events
Helps avoid retreating into emotions or intellect
A characteristic more common in emerging adults than younger people
Listening to others and considering diverse opinions

26. Postformal Thought
Working Together “If a card had a vowel on one side, then it always has an even number on the other side.” 4 7 E K
Students working alone 91% picked E and 4 (wrong)
Working together 75% picked E and 7 (right)

27. Dialectical Thought Most advanced cognitive process
Ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis and arrive at a synthesis
Being able to see the pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations
Dialectical thinking is rare in adolescents, more often found in middle-aged people

28. Countering Stereotypes
Stereotype Threat
The possibility that one’s appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another’s oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes.
The mere possibility of being negatively stereotyped arouses anxiety that can disrupt cognition and emotional regulation

29. Morals Emerging Adults
Gender differences
Morality of care
Tendency of females to be socialized to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms
Morality of justice
Tendency of males to be socialized to emphasize justice over compassion and judging right and wrong in absolute terms

30. Psychosocial Development Emerging Adulthood

31. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson’s sixth psychosocial stage emphasizes that humans are social creatures. 19 – 40 year olds.
Intimacy progresses from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment.
Marriage and parenthood, as emerging adults are discovering, are only two of several paths to intimacy.

32. Continuity and Change Identity Achieved?
The search for identity begins at puberty and continues much longer.
Most emerging adults are still seeking to determine who they are.
Erikson believed that, at each stage, the outcome of earlier crises provides the foundation of each new stage.

33. Identity Emerging Adulthood:
two important focuses are ethnicity & vocation
Ethnicity
Most emerging adults identify with very specific ethnic groups.
Ethnic identity may affect choices in language, manners, romance, employment, neighborhood, religion, clothing, and values.
Vocation
College and Temporary Jobs: Moratorium and preparation

34. Vocational Identity

35. Personality in Emerging Adulthood
Rising Self-Esteem
continuity and improvement in attitudes of young adults
Worrisome Children Grow Up
children with high aggression and those with extreme shyness grew up with little pathology
Plasticity
open to new experiences which allows personality shifts and eagerness for more education

36. Friendships Friendship
Throughout life, friends defend against stress and provide joy.
Friends, new and old, are particularly crucial during emerging adulthood.
Most single young adults have larger and more supportive friendship networks than newly married young adults once did.
Male-Female Friendships
Not usually prelude to romance
Problems arise if others assume it is sexual
Most heterosexual committed partners tend to have less opposite sex friendships

37. Romantic Partners
Relationship between love and marriage depends on era and culture.
3 patterns occurring roughly in thirds:
1. Arranged marriages
2. Adolescents meet a select group and
man ask woman’s parents for permission
3. People socialize with many and then fall in love and marry
when they are able, the most common in Western cultures

38. Intimacy The Dimensions of Love
Robert Sternberg (1988) described three distinct aspects of love:
Passion- an intense physical, cognitive and emotional
onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria.
Intimacy- knowing someone well, sharing secrets as well as sex.
Commitment- grows gradually through decisions to be
together, mutual care giving, kept secrets, shared
possessions, and forgiveness.

39. Intimacy

40. Emerging Adulthood: Intimacy
Hookups
A sexual encounter with neither intimacy nor commitment
Social networks
A Web site that allows users
to publically share their lives
and connect with large
numbers of people
Choice overload
Having so many possibilities that a thoughtful choice
becomes difficult

41. Cohabitation

42. Cohabitation Cohabitation
Living with an unrelated person—typically a romantic partner—
to whom one is not married
Most young adults in the U.S., England, and northern Europe
cohabit rather than marry before age 25.
Half of all cohabitating couples in the U.S. plan on marrying eventually.

43. Similarities and Differences
Homogamy
Marriage between people who tend to be similar (SES, goals, religion, attitudes, local origin, etc.)
Heterogamy
Marriage between people who tend to be dissimilar (interests, etc)
Social Homogamy
The similarity of a couple’s
leisure interests and role preferences.

44. Conflict Demand/Withdraw Interaction Learning to listen
A situation in a romantic relationship wherein one person wants to address an issue and the other refuses
Research shows that person with the most power tends to withdraw / person with less power (wanting more change) tends to demand. Evident in both hetero- and homosexual couples.

45. Intimate Partner Violence
Emerging adults experience more partner violence than those over 25.
Alcohol and drugs make violence more likely and more severe.
Rates are high and would be higher if self-deception and dishonesty were not factors but would be lower if preventative measures were in place.

46. Intimate Partner Violence
Situational couple violence
Fighting between romantic couples that is brought on more by the situation than by personality problems
Intimate terrorism
A violent and demeaning form of abuse in a romantic relationship where the victim is too scared to fight back, seek help, or withdraw

47. Emerging Adults and Their Parents
Linked Lives
Where the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members.
Financial Support
Parents of all income levels in
the U.S. help their adult children.
A Global Perspective
Parental support and linked lives
are typical everywhere.
In some countries, it is valued more than in others