1. 1 Chapter 3 Digital Communication Fundamentals for Cognitive Radio Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)

2. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 2 Outline Fundamental of Data Transmission Digital Modulation Techniques Probability of Bit Error Multicarrier Modulation Multicarrier Equlization Intersymbol Interference Pulse Shaping

3. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 3 Data Transmission Anatomy of a wireless Digital Comm Sys

4. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 4 Data Transmission Fundamental Limits Shannon–Hartley theorem S is the total received signal power over the bandwidth (in case of a modulated signal, often denoted C, i.e. modulated carrier), measured in watt or volt; N is the total noise or interference power over the bandwidth, measured in watt or volt; and S/N is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the communication signal to the Gaussian noise interference expressed as a linear power ratio (not as logarithmic decibels).

5. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 5 Data Transmission Source of Transmission Error The linear filter channel with additive noise

6. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 6 Data Transmission Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) White noise assumption in most situations Gaussian pdf

7. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 7 Data Transmission Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Histogram of AWGN superimposed on the probability density function for a Gaussian random variable of N(0,0.25) Power spectral density of AWGN with N(0,0.25)

8. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 8 Data Transmission Nearest neighbor detection AWGN N(0,0.01)AWGN N(0,0.25)

9. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 9 Digital Modulation Techniques Representation of Signals Euclidean Distance between Signals Decision Rule Power Efficiency M-ary Phase Shift Keying M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

10. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 10 Representation of Signals

11. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 11 Euclidean Distance between Signals For any two signals and, the Euclidean Distance between them is defined as Vector form

12. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 12 Decision Rule Nearest neighbor rule: Determine is if is the closest to rewritten as waveform representation

13. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 13 Power Efficiency Measures the largest minimum signal distance achieved given lowest transmit power Energy per symbol Energy per bit

14. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 14 Power Efficiency Power efficiency

15. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 15 M-ary Phase Shift Keying

16. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 16 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

17. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 17 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

18. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 18 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Receiver Simple receiver structure makes M-QAM popular in digital communication systems.

19. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 19 Probability of Bit Error Also known as bit error rate Starting from the modulation scheme with two signal waveforms, and Assuming the noise term has a Gaussian distribution

20. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 20 Derivation of BER Assuming was transmitted, then an error event occurs if where

21. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 21 Derivation of BER P(error)= is the noise density is the correlation between and Q-function defines the area under the tail of a Gaussian pdf

22. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 22 Derivation of BER When, and therefore

23. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 23 Upper Bound on BER At least one error occurs Therefore

24. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 24 Lower Bound on BER The smaller, the more likely an error happens. Therefore

25. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 25 Multicarrier modulation Advantages: Transmission agility High datarate Immunity to non-flat fading response. divide-and-conquer channel distortion Adaptive bit loading

26. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 26 Multicarrier modulation Disadvantages: Sensitive to narrowband noise Sensitive to amplitude clipping Sensitive to timing jitter, delay

27. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 27 Multicarrier Modulation Transmitter Receiver

28. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 28 Comparison between single carrier and multicarrier tt

29. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 29 OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

30. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 30 FB-OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Filterbank FB-MC subcarrier spectrum employing a seuqre-root raised cosine prototype lowpass filter with a rolloff of 0.25

31. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 31 OFDM Transmitter Receiver

32. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 32 Multicarrier Equalization Interference in multicarrier systems

33. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 33 Distortion Reduction Channel coding Add redundancy to improve recovering

34. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 34 Distortion Reduction Channel equalization Before equalization After equalization

35. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 35 Distortion Reduction Channel equalization Pre-equalization requires a feedback path from the receiver

36. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 36 Intersymbol Interference Signal being distorted by the temporal spreading and resulting overlap of individual symbol pulses Simplified block diagram for a wireless channel

37. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 37 Intersymbol Interference RC-LPF filter response of combined modulation pulses when T=1, A=1

38. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 38 Intersymbol Interference Peak Interference/Distortion When all symbols before and after have destruct effect on the symbol on cursor

39. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 39 Pulse Shaping Nyquist Pulse Shaping Theory Time domain condition for zero ISI No ISI if sampling at t=kT

40. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 40 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Theory Nyquist-I Pulse (W=1/(2T))

41. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 41 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Theory Nyquist-II Pulse (W>1/(2T))

42. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 42 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Theory Frequency domain No ISI criterion

43. Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009) 43 Chapter 3 Summary Digital communication theory at the core of cognitive radio operations Mathematical tools necessary for enabling advanced features Various modulation schemes can be used for transmission under different constraints and expectations Bit Error Rate is primarily used to define performance