1. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 Rajiv Kohli

2. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.1 Examples of commercial precision steam cleaners. (a) VaTran micro precision steam cleaner. (b) Elmasteam high-performance steam jet cleaners. (c) Steamshine Lotus model steam cleaners. (d) Reliable Model i700A. (e) Mini-Max cleaner [19e23]. Courtesy of VaTran Systems, Chula Vista, CA; Elma GmbH, Singen, Germany; C.D. Nelson Consulting, Lakemoor, IL; Reliable Corporation, Toronto, Canada; and PDQ Precision, San Diego, CA

3. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.2 Adapters and attachments for precision steam cleaning surgical instruments. (a) Long and short hollow needles with steam vents along the side. (b) Hollow straight needle attachment with steam vent at the tip. (c) Hollow curved needle attachment with steam outlet at the tip. (d) Luer-Lock adapter. (e) Catheter attachments. (f) Hose connection. (g) Mounting pliers. (h) Rack [36]. Courtesy of Elma GmbH, Singen, Germany

4. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.3 Steam cleaning of medical instruments with different adapters. (a) Straight bore needle. (b) Hollow curved bore needle. (c) Direct connection with the Luer-Lock interface [36]. Courtesy of Elma GmbH, Singen, Germany

5. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.4 Mach number vs. area ratio for the KSC SS-GLC convergingdiverging nozzle [53]

6. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.5 Convergingdiverging nozzle with flow-directing annular insert [8688]

7. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.6 Schematic of the basic supersonic gas-liquid cleaning system for precision cleaning applications [53,54]

8. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.7 Supersonic gas-liquid cleaning system arranged for precision cleaning and cleanliness verification [54]

9. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.8 Commercial SS-GLC system for precision cleaning applications. Courtesy of VaTran Systems, Chula, Vista, CA

10. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.9 Schematic of the cleaning system for medical applications [80-82]

11. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.10 The JetOx wound cleansing and debridement system [92,93]. Courtesy of TavTech Ltd., Yehud, Israel

12. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.11 JetPeel system for dermal applications [104]. Courtesy of TavTech Ltd., Yehud, Israel

13. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.12 Handpieces for aesthetic application used with the JetPeel system. (a) Singlenozzle handpiece. (b) Triple-nozzle handpiece [104]. Courtesy of TavTech Ltd., Yehud, Israel

14. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.13 TOC vs. the initial contaminant level of the stainless steel plates [53]

15. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.14 Linear correlation between TOC and NVR remaining after cleaning [53]

16. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.15 Graph showing the relation between the velocity of the liquid drops and the supply pressure of the gas for different jet nozzles. (a) Two-fluid nozzle. (b) Conventional lowpressure nozzle [111]

17. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.16 Plot shows the relation between particle size and contaminant removal ratio with different jet cleaning nozzles. (a) New two-fluid nozzle. (b) A conventional low-pressure nozzle. (c) A conventional high-pressure nozzle [111]

18. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 6.17 A multiple nozzle SS-GLC system being used for cleaning heat exchanger parts [114]