1. Theory (and Application) Learning: A change in human performance or performance potential that results from practice or other experience and endures over time.

2. Instruction Refers to selection and arrangement of information, activities, approaches, and media By an instructional expert To help students Meet predetermined learning goals

3. Theory A theory is a set of related principles explaining a cause and effect relationship among events

4. What’s the practical value of theory? Principles can be translated into guidelines that help teachers select and use practical tools and techniques

5. Learning Theory Behaviorial Perspective Information Processing Perspective Constructivist Perspective

6. Behavioral Perspective Focuses on behavior Focuses on influence of environment Learning= a change in probability of a particular behavior occurring in a particular situation

7. A->B->C Model The environment presents an Antecedent that prompts a Behavior that is followed by a Consequence That then determines whether the behavior will occur again

8. Instructional Program Made of a series of frames which present students with A- information and a question or problem B- which is followed by feedback C- based on the response.

9. Practical Applications Teachers should state the objectives of the instruction Teachers should use cues to guide students to the desired behavior Teachers should use consequences to guide students to the desired behavior

10. Information Processing Perspective Uses computer model Mind takes info Mind organizes info Mind stores info Mind retrieves info

11. Memory’s 2 Characteristics It is organized rather than random It is active rather than passive Learning= change in knowledge stored in memory

12. Memory’s Three Proceses Attention- the process of selectively receiving info Encoding- the process of translating info into a meaningful context Retrieval- the process of identifying and recalling info for a particular purpose

13. Practical Application Organize new information Link new info to existing knowledge Use focusing questions Highlighting Analogies Mnemonics

14. The Constructivist Perspective Generative learning Discovery learning Situated Learning Presents a marriage of principles

15. Principles Learning= A change in meaning constructed from experience Learners construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems, usually with others

16. Constructivist Theory Knowledge= Individual interpretation of experience Info Theory says knowledge is an objective representation of our experience Existing knowledge, social context, and the problem determine learning

17. Practical Application Use knowledge to solve problems Require students to make and test a prediction Focus on problem, not tools Collaborative / group learning Learning activities Model and guide the process

18. Communication Theory Messages are subject to distortion (filters in sender and receiver and environment) Communication is a dynamic process Communication has many variations

19. Practical Application Communicate WITH students, not TO them Identify filters and reduce them Use multiple channels to communicate to students

20. Systems Theory The world is an inherently ordered place that allows for rational decision making A system is a set of parts that depend on one another People build systems to accomplish their purposes

21. Practical Application Identify the goal of the system- in this case, instruction Identify the system parts and the role each part plays When changes occur in one part maintain system balance by making changes in the other parts.

22. Summary Learning is the student’s responsibility- Instruction is the teacher’s Theory should inform your instruction Instructional practice is built on a diverse theoretical foundation- like different food groups make for good nutrition, different theories contribute to good instruction