1. Lesson Delivery Burden, P. & Byrd, D. (2010). Methods for Effective Teaching: Meeting the Needs of All Students (5 th ed). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

2. Degree of Structure in Lessons Teacher-centered approaches – Lectures, demonstrations, questions, recitations, practice and drills, and reviews Student-centered approaches – Inquiry approaches, discovery learning and problem solving, role playing and simulation, gaming, laboratory activities, computer-assisted instruction, and learning or activity centers

3. Grouping Students Whole-group instruction – the entire class is taught as a group – Lecture, demonstrate and explain a topic; ask and answer question(s) in front of entire class; provide same recitation, practice, and drill for all students; work on the same problems Small-group instruction – small groups enable students to be more actively engaged in learning and teachers can better monitor student progress Independent work – Computer-assisted instruction, learning centers, learning stations, laboratories, discovery techniques, etc

4. Small-group instruction Cooperative learning groups – Variety of teaching methods in which students work in small groups to help one another learn academic content Ability groups – Student similar in academic ability are grouped into classes for instruction Between-class ability groups Within-class ability groups Peer tutoring – Students teaching students Cross-age tutoring Peer tutoring

5. Academic accountability Grading system – variety of evaluation measures, communicate grading system to students, design gradebook, report grades to parents Assignments – How assignments are given to students, requirements and criteria for grading Work and Completion Requirements – Use of pen/pencil, headings, etc; due dates, late work, incomplete work, missed work; absent students and makeup work

6. Academic accountability (cont.) Monitor progress and completion of assignments – Monitor in-class work; monitor longer projects; monitor in-class participation and performance; activities with grade and those for formative feedback for student; checking procedures Provide Feedback – Students exchange papers on formative exercises, papers/projects for grade should be collected, grade and returned promptly; students should maintain records concerns progress; post student work

7. Managing Whole-Group Instruction Preventing Misbehavior – Exhibit withitness – teacher’s disposition to look at all parts of the classroom at times, know who is misbehaving, and respond in an appropriate manner – Use overlapping – supervising or handling more than one group or activity at a time – Use desists – statements by teacher to stop an inappropriate action or misbehavior by asking or telling student what to do. – Avoid satiation – when students are required to stay on a learning task too long and begin to lose interest and get off task

8. Managing Whole-Group Instruction (cont.) Movement through the lesson – Momentum refers to teachers starting lessons with dispatch, keeping lessons moving ahead, making transition among activities efficiently, and bringing lessons to a satisfactory close – Smoothness refers to staying on task in the lesson without abrupt changes, digressions, or divergences

9. Maintaining Student Attention & Involvement Attention-getting strategies - use of stories, physical products, activities, and statements to capture student attention Monitor attention during lessons and provide situational assistance as necessary Stimulate attention periodically – using verbal cues to change topic or draw attention Vary instructional media and methods – overhead projector, chalkboard, video, computer as wells as various teaching methods (demonstrations, small/large groups, lectures, etc)

10. Maintaining Student Attention & Involvement Use humor – do not use jokes to tease or demean any student, be careful with sarcasm Pay close attention when student talk and answer questions, including non-verbal expressions on interest Make more positive and encouraging statements than negative statements Terminate lessons that have gone on too long; have a backup activity for each lesson