1. 2: Application Layer 1 1DT066 Distributed Information Systems Chapter 2 Application Layer

2. Q: What’s your Most Favorite Internet Application? 2: Application Layer 2

3. S OME NETWORK APPS 2: Application Layer 3 e-mail web instant messaging remote login P2P file sharing multi-user network games streaming stored video clips voice over IP real-time video conferencing

4. C HAPTER 2: A PPLICATION LAYER 2: Application Layer 4 2.1 Principles of network applications Application architecture Application requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 DNS 2.4 P2P applications

5. A PPLICATION ARCHITECTURES Client-server Peer-to-peer (P2P) Hybrid of client-server and P2P 5 2: Application Layer

6. C LIENT - SERVER ARCHITECTURE server: always-on host permanent IP address server farms for scaling clients: communicate with server may be intermittently connected may have dynamic IP addresses do not communicate directly with each other 2: Application Layer 6 client/server

7. P URE P2P ARCHITECTURE no always-on server arbitrary end systems directly communicate peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses Highly scalable but difficult to manage 2: Application Layer 7 peer-peer

8. H YBRID OF CLIENT - SERVER AND P2P Instant messaging chatting between two users is P2P centralized service: client presence detection/location user registers its IP address with central server when it comes online user contacts central server to find IP addresses of buddies 8 2: Application Layer

9. P ROCESSES COMMUNICATING process sends/receives messages to/from its socket API: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix a few parameters (lots more on this later) 2: Application Layer 9 process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server Internet controlled by OS controlled by app developer

10. ADDRESSING PROCESSES 2: Application Layer 10 to receive messages, process must have identifier host device has unique 32- bit IP address Q: does IP address of host suffice for identifying the process?

11. ADDRESSING PROCESSES 2: Application Layer 11 identifier includes both IP address and port numbers associated with process on host. Example port numbers: HTTP server: 80 Mail server: 25 to receive messages, process must have identifier host device has unique 32-bit IP address Q: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice for identifying the process? A: No, many processes can be running on same host

12. WHAT TRANSPORT SERVICE DOES AN APP NEED? 2: Application Layer 12 Data loss some apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss other apps (e.g., file transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer Timing some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” Throughput r some apps (e.g., multimedia) require minimum amount of throughput to be “effective” r other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever throughput they get Security r Encryption, data integrity, …

13. TRANSPORT SERVICE REQUIREMENTS OF COMMON APPS 13 2: Application Layer Application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games instant messaging Data loss (no loss / loss-tolerant) no loss Throughput elastic audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic Time Sensitive (yes / no) no

14. TRANSPORT SERVICE REQUIREMENTS OF COMMON APPS 14 2: Application Layer Application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games instant messaging Data loss no loss loss-tolerant no loss Throughput elastic audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic Time Sensitive no yes, 100’s msec yes, few secs yes, 100’s msec yes and no

15. TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS TCP VS. UDP ? 15 2: Application Layer

16. INTERNET TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS SERVICES 2: Application Layer 16 TCP service: connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes reliable transport between sending and receiving process flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded does not provide: timing, minimum throughput guarantees, security UDP service: unreliable data transfer between sending and receiving process does not provide: connection setup, reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, throughput guarantee, or security Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP?

17. INTERNET APPS: APPLICATION, TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 17 2: Application Layer Application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application layer protocol Transport protocol (TCP / UDP)

18. INTERNET APPS: APPLICATION, TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 18 2: Application Layer Application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] HTTP (eg Youtube), RTP [RFC 1889] SIP, RTP, proprietary (e.g., Skype) Underlying transport protocol TCP TCP or UDP typically UDP

19. C HAPTER 2: A PPLICATION LAYER 2: Application Layer 19 2.1 Principles of network applications app architectures app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 DNS 2.4 P2P applications

20. W EB AND HTTP First some jargon Web page consists of objects Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file,… Web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects Each object is addressable by a URL Example URL: 20 2: Application Layer www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif host name path name

21. HTTP OVERVIEW 2: Application Layer 21 HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol Web’s application layer protocol client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, “displays” Web objects server: Web server sends objects in response to requests PC running Explorer Server running Apache Web server Mac running Navigator HTTP request HTTP response

22. U SER - SERVER STATE : COOKIES 2: Application Layer 22 Many major Web sites use cookies Four components: 1) cookie header line of HTTP response message 2) cookie header line in HTTP request message 3) cookie file kept on user’s host, managed by user’s browser 4) back-end database at Web site HTTP is “stateless” server maintains no information about past client requests

23. COOKIES: KEEPING “STATE” (CONT.) 2: Application Layer 23 client server usual http response msg cookie file one week later: usual http request msg cookie: 1678 cookie- specific action access ebay 8734 usual http request msg Amazon server creates ID 1678 for user create entry usual http response Set-cookie: 1678 ebay 8734 amazon 1678 usual http request msg cookie: 1678 cookie- spectific action access ebay 8734 amazon 1678 backend database

24. WEB CACHES (PROXY SERVER) 2: Application Layer 24 user sets browser: Web accesses via cache browser sends all HTTP requests to cache object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server client Proxy server client HTTP request HTTP response HTTP request origin server origin server HTTP response

25. M ORE ABOUT W EB CACHING 2: Application Layer 25 cache acts as both client and server typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP) Why Web caching?

26. M ORE ABOUT W EB CACHING 2: Application Layer 26 cache acts as both client and server typically cache is installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP) reduce response time for client request reduce traffic on an institution’s access link. Internet dense with caches: enables “poor” content providers to effectively deliver content (but so does P2P file sharing) Why Web caching?

27. C HAPTER 2: A PPLICATION LAYER 2: Application Layer 27 2.1 Principles of network applications 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 DNS 2.4 P2P applications

28. DNS: DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM 2: Application Layer 28 People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams “name”, e.g., ww.yahoo.com - used by humans Domain Name System: distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation)

29. DNS 2: Application Layer 29 DNS services hostname to IP address translation host aliasing Canonical, alias names mail server aliasing load distribution replicated Web servers: set of IP addresses for one canonical name single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized database maintenance doesn’t scale! Why not centralize DNS?

30. D ISTRIBUTED, H IERARCHICAL D ATABASE Client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1 st approx: client queries a root server to find com DNS server client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for www.amazon.com 2: Application Layer 30 Root DNS Servers com DNS servers org DNS serversedu DNS servers poly.edu DNS servers umass.edu DNS servers yahoo.com DNS servers amazon.com DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers

31. DNS: ROOT NAME SERVERS 2: Application Layer 31 contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server 13 root name servers worldwide b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 36 other locations) i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 28 other locations) k RIPE London (also 16 other locations) m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul, Paris, SF) a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA) d U Maryland College Park, MD g US DoD Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD j Verisign, ( 21 locations)

32. DNS NAME RESOLUTION EXAMPLE 2: Application Layer 32 Host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu root DNS server local DNS server dns.poly.edu 1 2 3 4 5 6 authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu 7 8 TLD DNS server iterated query: r contacted server replies with name of server to contact r “I don’t know this name, but ask this server”

33. DNS NAME RESOLUTION EXAMPLE 33 2: Application Layer requesting host cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu root DNS server local DNS server dns.poly.edu 1 2 4 5 6 authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu 7 8 TLD DNS server 3 recursive query: r puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server r heavy load?

34. C HAPTER 2: A PPLICATION LAYER 2: Application Layer 34 2.1 Principles of network applications app architectures app requirements 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.4 Electronic Mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P applications

35. P URE P2P ARCHITECTURE no always-on server arbitrary end systems directly communicate peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses Three topics: File distribution Searching for information Case Study: Skype 2: Application Layer 35 peer-peer

36. FILE DISTRIBUTION 2: Application Layer 36 Server-Client vs P2P ?

37. F ILE D ISTRIBUTION : S ERVER -C LIENT VS P2P Question : How much time to distribute file from one server to N peers ? 37 2: Application Layer usus u2u2 d1d1 d2d2 u1u1 uNuN dNdN Server Network (with abundant bandwidth) File, size F u s : server upload bandwidth u i : peer i upload bandwidth d i : peer i download bandwidth

38. F ILE DISTRIBUTION TIME : SERVER - CLIENT server sequentially sends N copies: NF/u s time client i takes F/d i time to download 38 2: Application Layer usus u2u2 d1d1 d2d2 u1u1 uNuN dNdN Server Network (with abundant bandwidth) F increases linearly in N (for large N) = d cs = max { NF/u s, F/min(d i ) } i Time to distribute F to N clients using client/server approach

39. F ILE DISTRIBUTION TIME : P2P server must send one copy: F /u s time client i takes F/d i time to download NF bits must be downloaded (aggregate) 39 2: Application Layer usus u2u2 d1d1 d2d2 u1u1 uNuN dNdN Server Network (with abundant bandwidth) F  fastest possible upload rate: u s +  u i d P2P = max { F/u s, F/min(d i ), NF/(u s +  u i ) } i

40. 2: Application Layer 40 Server-client vs. P2P: example Client upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, u s = 10u, d min ≥ u s

41. F ILE DISTRIBUTION : B IT T ORRENT 41 2: Application Layer tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file obtain list of peers trading chunks peer r P2P file distribution

42. (I) P2P: CENTRALIZED INDEX original “Napster” design 1) when peer connects, it informs central server: IP address content 2) Alice queries for “Hey Jude” 3) Alice requests file from Bob 2: Application Layer 42 centralized directory server peers Alice Bob 1 1 1 1 2 3

43. (II) P2P: Q UERY FLOODING 43 2: Application Layer Query QueryHit Query QueryHit Query QueryHit File transfer: HTTP r Query message sent over existing TCP connections r peers forward Query message r QueryHit sent over reverse path Scalability: limited scope flooding

44. P2P C ASE STUDY : S KYPE inherently P2P: pairs of users communicate. proprietary application-layer protocol (inferred via reverse engineering) hierarchical overlay with SNs Index maps usernames to IP addresses; distributed over SNs 44 2: Application Layer Skype clients (SC) Supernode (SN) Skype login server

45. C HAPTER 2: S UMMARY 2: Application Layer 45 application architectures client-server P2P hybrid application service requirements: reliability, bandwidth, delay Internet transport service model connection-oriented, reliable: TCP unreliable, datagrams: UDP our study of network apps now complete! r specific protocols:  HTTP  FTP  SMTP, POP, IMAP  DNS  P2P: BitTorrent, Skype