1. Unit 8 Solar System At the end of this unit you will be able to:
Calculate the number of degrees the sun moved, or the earth rotated, in a given time
Calculate the eccentricity of an orbit
Label a diagram of the hemisphere and show the setting and rising positions of the sun.
Locate Polaris
State what direction the earth rotates
Differentiate between Geocentric and Heliocentric models
State the difference between Jovian and Terrestrial Planets
Define: Orbit, ellipse, Penumbra, Umbra, Eclipse, Rotation, Revolution, Constellation
Read The Luminosity chart in the reference tables

2. Labs for this unit Ellipse Lab Diurnal Motions of the Sun
Shadows and the Sun’s Path

3. Earth Science Picture of the Day

4. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Red shift: indicates that celestial objects are moving apart (distance is increasing, expanding)
Galaxy: collection of stars, gases and dust held together by gravity
Star: large ball of gas that produces energy and shines

5. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Luminosity: how bright an object is compared to our sun
Asteroid: solid, irregularly shaped object that orbits the sun
Comet: an object with a very eccentric orbit, vaporizes as it travels leaving a tail behind it

6. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Meteor: small solid fragment that burns up in the earth’s atmosphere
Terrestrial: rocky core, high density
Jovian: gaseous core, low density
Rotation: to spin on an axis
Revolution: to travel around an object

7. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Orbit: path of an object revolving around another
Aphelion (apogee): point in an orbit where it is farthest from the sun, least gravity, slowest orbiting speed
Perihelion (perigee): point in an orbit where it is closest to the sun, greatest gravity, fastest orbiting speed
Ellipse: shape of an orbit

8. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Foci (focus): fixed object in space around which an object orbits (revolves)
Eccentricity: how out of round an orbit is, degree of flatness, value between zero and one
Gravitation: (gravity) attractive force between two objects
Geocentric: Earth at the center
Heliocentric: Sun at the center

9. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Constellation: A group of stars that make a pattern
Tides: rise and fall of the sea level caused by the moons gravity
Eclipse: when a celestial object falls into the shadow of another celestial object

10. Vocabulary: Astronomy
Penumbra: partial shadow
Umbra: total shadow

11. I. Celestial Observations
A. Night Sky
1. Constellations: A group of stars that make a pattern in the sky

12. Constellations
2. Polaris, aka north star, located above the North Pole and The Earth’s axis of rotation

13. Polaris
a. the ALtitude of Polaris equals your LAtitude

14. Little dipper (Ursa Minor)

15. Big Dipper (Ursa Major)

16. Star Motion
4. Stars appear to move East to West in a Counterclockwise motion at the rate of 15 degrees per hour.

17. Star Trails
Star trails are made by leaving your camera shutter open and pointed at the location that marks the Earth’s Axis of rotation.
If the Camera is in the Northern Hemisphere you would point it at what?
If you were in the southern Hemisphere
would you have a star at the center of the trail?

18. Star Trail

19. Moon Phases

20. B. Day Sky 1. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west
2. Moves across the Sky at the rate of 15 degrees per hour.

21. B. Day Sky 3. Sun looks like it moves because the earth is rotating.
4. At the poles your travel slower than you would at the equator.

22. B. Day Sky 5. Rotation of the earth evidence
a. Focult pendulum and Coriolis effect.
b. Sun rising and setting (once a day)

23. 1. We have seasons because the earth is tilted
C. Seasons
1. We have seasons because the earth is tilted
a. the earth is tilted at an angle of 23 1/2 degrees from straight up.

24. Seasons diagram

25. What would happen if the earth were not tilted or tilted more than 23 1/2 degrees?

26. C. Seasons 2. Summer (Solstice) a. June 21st
b. Longest day of sunlight
c. Highest altitude of sun in the sky

27. C. Seasons 2. Summer (Solstice) d. shortest shadow
e. longest arc or path of the sun
f. Rises NE and sets NW

28. Summer Solstice

29. C. Seasons 3. Winter (Solstice) a. December 21st
b. Shortest day of sunlight
c. lowest altitude of sun in the sky

30. C. Seasons 3. Winter (Solstice) d. longest shadow
e. shortest arc or path of the sun
f. Rises SE, sets SW

31. Winter Solstice

32. C. Seasons 4. Fall and Spring (Equinox)
a. Equal amounts of daylight and night time (12 and 12)
b. March 21st and September 21st.

33. C. Seasons 4. Fall and Spring (Equinox)
c. Rises on East ands sets on West.
d. Sunlight rays are directly on the equator.

34. Fall and Spring Equinox

35. Suns path diagram for all equinoxes, and solstices

36. Eclipses
Solar Eclipse: When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The moon is between the earth and the sun

37. Solar Eclipse Geometry

39. Lunar eclipse
When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The earth is between the moon and the sun

40. Lunar Eclipse Geometry

41. Eccentricity
Degree of “out of roundness” of an ellipse determined by the distance between the two foci divided by the length of the major axis of the ellipse

42. eccentricity= distance between foci length of major axis

43. Eccentricity has no label
The value of eccentricity is between ZERO (which is a perfect circle) and ONE (which is a line)

44. http://www. starryskies. com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/eclipse-Nov8

45. Tides: are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on the water of the earth

46. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.
When the sun and the moon are lined up to both pull in the same direction or opposite directions, tides are especially strong. This is called a 'spring tide.'
Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.

47. Neap tides are especially weak tides
Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth).
Neap tides occur during quarter moons.

48. HOMEWORK: In review book
Page 64 (41-53)
Page 53 (2-14)
On a QUARTER SHEET
DUE NEXT CLASS

49. III. Solar System
A. Types of models

50. Model types
1. Geocentric: Earth is at the center of the solar system

51. Model types
2. Heliocentric The Sun is at the center of the solar system

52. B. Planets
1. Jovian planets: Gaseous planet, low density, these include: Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus

53. These include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Terrestrial planets
These include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
These planets have a rocky core and are the closest to the sun

54. 1. We classify stars based on their luminosity, compared to our sun.
C. Stars
1. We classify stars based on their luminosity, compared to our sun.
2. P 15, ESRT
3. Stars moving towards us are more of a blue or violet color

55. 4. Stars moving away are colored red
C.Stars
4. Stars moving away are colored red
Analogy: Bloody nose, fist has already hit you and is moving away from your face

56. C. Stars
5. The fact that the star colors are changing are indications that the universe is either expanding or contracting

57. D. Galaxy
We live in the Milky Way Galaxy; it is called that because it looks Milky white in color

59. Galaxy Shapes
1.Spiral

60. Galaxy Shapes
2. Lenticular

61. Galaxy Shapes
3. Elliptical

62. Galaxy Shapes
4. Irregular