1. Chapter 5
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition Author: Dr. Goodman

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FIGURE 5.1
Integration at the cellular level. A cell may receive inputs from hormones A, B, and C simultaneously. Hormone B acting through a G-protein coupled receptor activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) through the  stimulatory subunit Gs. Hormone C binds to its G-protein coupled receptor, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase through the inhibitory subunit Gi, and activates phospholipase C through the Gq subunit, resulting in cleavage of phosphatidylinositol bis-phosphate (PIP2) and the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). Hormone A, acting through a tyrosine kinase receptor, activates cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), which degrades cAMP. The combined actions of the three hormones determines the concentration of cyclic AMP.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.2
Synergistic effects of human growth hormone (hGH) and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on lipolysis as measured by the increase in glycerol release from rat adipocytes. Both hGH and Dex were somewhat effective when added individually, but when added together the overall tissue response was greater than the sum of the responses produced by each hormone alone. (From Gorin, E., Tai, L.R, Honeyman, T.W, and Goodman, H.M. (1990) Evidence for a role of protein kinase C in the stimulation of lipolysis by growth hormone and isoproterenol. Endocrinology 126: 2973.)
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

4. Determinants of the magnitude of a hormonal response.
FIGURE 5.3
Determinants of the magnitude of a hormonal response.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

5. Determinants of the duration of a hormonal response.
FIGURE 5.4
Determinants of the duration of a hormonal response.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.5
The relationship between concentration and response at three different levels of sensitivity. Arrows indicate the concentration of hormone that produces a half-maximal response for each level of sensitivity. Note that the abscissa is plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.6
Concentration response relationships showing different capacities to respond. Note that the concentration needed to produce the half maximal response is identical for all three response capacities. Note that the abscissa is plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.7
The effects of up or down regulation of receptor number on sensitivity to hormonal stimulation. Note that the abscissa is plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

9. Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 5.8
Spare receptors. Note that the concentration of hormone needed to produce a half maximal response is considerably lower than that needed to occupy half of the receptors. Note that the abscissa is plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.9
Redundant mechanisms to stimulate hepatic glucose production. Hormonal and neural mechanisms are marshaled to combat potentially life-threatening low blood glucose concentrations.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

11. Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 5.10
Redundant mechanisms to activate glycogen phosphorylase by a single hormone, epinephrine, acting through both 1 and  receptors.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.11
Idealized representation of the effects of epinephrine and growth hormone on plasma concentrations of free fatty acids.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

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FIGURE 5.12
Push–pull mechanism. Epinephrine inhibits insulin secretion while promoting glucagons secretion. This combination of effects on the liver stimulates glucose production while simultaneously relieving an inhibitory influence. (+) = increases; () = decreases
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.

14. Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 5.13
Push–pull mechanism to activate glycogen phosphorylase while simultaneously inhibiting glycogen synthase.
Companion site for Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition. by Dr. Goodman
Copyright © 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved.