1. Selecting Coatings Under Insulation Presented by: Brent W. Griffin, SME On behalf of SSPC.

2. Learning Outcomes This webinar will discuss: –Basic Control of Corrosion Under Insulation –Coating Selection Considerations for Metals Under Insulation –Types of Coatings Applied to Metals Under Insulation

3. Introduction Corrosion under insulation is a major problem. When insulation becomes wet it creates the potential for corrosive failure of the structure. Whether the structure is above ground or buried, proper design and installation technique can control corrosion

4. Introduction For a corrosion under insulation system to be successful and not contribute to the corrosion process, it must be specified in the following manner: –Use a corrosion control coating –Taylor the insulation to the application and environment –Calculate adequate insulation thickness –Apply a superior vapor barrier –If necessary, install a mechanical jacket

5. Basic Corrosion Control Metal corrosion requires 4 elements: –Anode –Cathode –Electrolyte –Electrical Path

6. Anode The electrode of an electrolytic cell at which oxidation occurs Electrons flow away from the anode in the external circuit It is usually at the anode that corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution

7. Cathode The electrode of an electrolytic cell at which reduction is the principal reaction Typical cathodic processes are cations taking up electrons and being discharged, oxygen being reduced, and the reduction of an element or group of elements from a higher to a lower valence state

8. Electrolyte A chemical substance or mixture, usually liquid, containing ions that migrate in an electric field A chemical compound or mixture of compounds which when in solution will conduct an electric current.

9. Electrical Path A connection between the anode and cathode where current in the form of electrons can flow

10. Basic Corrosion Control The corrosion of metals requires the following conditions: –An anode, a cathode, an electrical path and an electrolyte must all be present –The anode and cathode must be in contact with the same electrolyte –The metal must electrically connect the anode and cathode for electrons to flow –The anodic (oxidation) and cathodic (reduction) reactions must be equivalent and simultaneous

11. Basic Corrosion Control One of the most effective ways to control corrosion is to use a properly selected and applied corrosion coating

12. Coating Selection Considerations The proper selection of coating materials is important. When selecting coatings for metals under insulation, consider: –System operating temperatures –Application and site requirements –Surface preparation requirements –Compatibility with insulating materials

13. System Operating Temperatures A coating has to be flexible enough to withstand the expansion and contraction of the piping system when temperatures cycle

14. Temperature Fluctuations Can cause a loss of adhesion between the coating and metal, which allows water to reach the pipe –High temperatures can cause coatings to flow, crack or sag –Low temperature can cause coatings to become less flexible or brittle

15. Application Requirements Liquid coatings can be applied by: –Brush –Glove –Spray Method (Airless or Plural component) Tape coatings can be applied in a “cigarette wrap” or by spiral wrapping

16. Surface Preparation Most critical part of any coating process The type of surface to be coated dictates the type of surface preparation and coating to be used –Carbon Steel –Stainless Steel

17. Carbon Steel New carbon steel can be cleaned and blasted easily, compared with corroded or pitted steel in used systems Corroded or used metal systems may have surface contaminants such as chlorides or salts that must be properly removed before blasting

18. Stainless Steel Very hard, making it difficult to create a profile Should not be blasted with steel grit or shot –Causes corrosion problems –Non-carbon blast materials, brushes or grinding disks should be used

19. Removal of Contaminants Before surface preparation any oil, grease or other debris must be properly removed –SSPC-SP 1, Solvent Cleaning Chlorides and other salts must be removed by proper washing and rinsing techniques –SSPC Guide 15, Field Methods for Retrieval and Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Nonporous Substrates

20. Compatibility with Insulating Material Coating selection and insulation characteristics should be considered jointly when specifying a system

21. Types of Coatings Types of coating choices on the market include: –Epoxies –Urethanes and Polyureas –Tape and Shrink Sleeves –Powder Coatings –Brushable Coal Tar or Asphalt Based Corrosion Coatings –Mineralization Coatings –Thermal Sprayed Metallic's -TSA

22. Epoxies Epoxies are two component and applied by spray or brush Must be mixed at proper ratio! Phenolic epoxies are excellent for higher temperature applications (up to 450F) –Applied by plural component using heated hoses, Airless & Conventional –Modified epoxy phenolics offer good abrasion resistance and are more flexible, Novolac or immersion grade are excellent

23. Urethanes and Polyureas Excellent coatings for cold process piping and vessels Limited use for higher temperature operations at greater than 150F Flexible and can be applied in one thick coat with plural component equipment Moisture-cure urethanes perform well for applications where moisture is a problem

24. Tape and Shrink Sleeves Provide excellent corrosion protection for pipes on systems that operate at temperatures of 150F or less Require a primer in order to adhere properly –Surface prep is key Vary from 25-100 mils in thickness –Insulation material must have the proper ID to enable that insulation fits over the tape

25. Tape Coatings Will affect the inner diameter (ID) and the fit of the insulation Some tapes are applied using heat (propane torch) There is skill and proper technique required for appl.

26. Powder Coatings Applied to a hot surface (normally 450- 488 F) Applied in a specialized pipe coating plant with temperature and humidity control

27. Asphalt or Coal-Tar Based Materials Applied by brush or paint glove Surface preparation requirements are not as stringent Good for irregular shapes Are flexible, adhere well, resistant to most chemicals, can be repaired easily, has fair abrasion and impact resistance At low temperatures (below 0F) coating may be less flexible At high temperatures (above 120F) coating may become soft or tend to run

28. Mineralization Conversion Compounds The ability to grow very thin minerals on metal surfaces for useful purposes Developed to deliver the mineral forming reactants in a variety of formulations –Paints, coatings, synthetic gels, greases, thread dressing, sealants, adhesives and water gels Reduces the amount of surface preparation required before installing the coating

29. Mineralization Conversion Compounds Effective on systems at temperature ranges from -50F to 250F If vapor barrier is compromised and moisture enters the system, it can travel directly to the pipe’s surface and remain there without corrosion taking place

30. Mineralization Conversion Compounds The excess coating from the installation process chemically binds the water (buffering it) so that it cannot corrode the pipe

31. Compatibility with Insulating Material Some types of insulating materials may be: –Abrasive –Cause the coating to deteriorate (become soft or brittle) –React with the corrosion coating prior to the coating curing Typically coating is cured prior to installing the insulation

32. Insulation The insulations used for above freezing yet below ambient piping are quite broad including: –Fiberglass –Elastomeric plastics –Elastomeric rubber –Mineral wool

33. Insulation Insulation for subzero applications are: –Polyisocyanurates –Polystyrenes –Cellular glass –Phenolics

34. Insulation Thickness Worst-case atmospheric job conditions should be used when calculating insulation thickness

35. Vapor Retarders and Protective Jackets Protect vapor barrier from physical abuse They include products such as: –ASJ paper –FSK paper –Vapor barrier mastic –Mylar’s –Proprietary polymers –Laminated self-adhesive membranes –Low perm, peel-and-stick, self-healing vapor barrier membranes

36. Conclusion Through testing, proper selection of materials and methods and well-written and detailed specifications, tremendous improvements can be made in controlling corrosion under insulation.

37. Conclusion The following suggestions are recommended for industry: –The industry must be committed to preventing corrosion –Testing and insulation specifications must be developed and must outline specific coating systems for each application –Inspection and testing must be performed –Appropriate vapor barriers, waterproofing materials and insulations should be used