1. Author: Graeme C. Simsion and Graham C. Witt Chapter 8 Organizing the Data Modeling Task

2. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Generalization (2) Breaking the rule of non-overlapping of sub-types Benefits of sub and super-types Other Types of Generalization –Relationship Generalization –Attribute Generalization –Alternative diagramming Conventions

3. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Overlapping Subtypes and Roles There are several tactics we can use without breaking the no overlaps rule: –Ignoring real-world overlaps –Modeling only the Supertype –Modeling the roles as participation in relationships –Role entity classes and one-to-one relationships –Multiple partitions

4. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Ignoring Real-World Overlaps While a customer and a supplier may in fact be the same person, the business may be happy to treat them as if they were separate individuals. –Beware the company that sued a customer for non- payment only to find that they were also a supplier and were withholding because the company had failed to pay them. You thus need to be careful in choosing not to reflect real-world overlap in the data model. But, dont automatically model all overlaps!

5. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Modeling Only the Supertype One of the most common approaches to modeling the roles of persons and organizations is to use only a single supertype entity class for all roles. –If subtyping is done at all, it is on the basis of some other criterion, such as legal entity class type partnership, company, individual, etc. –The supertype is typically named Party, Involved Party, or Legal Entity. The major limitation of the approach is that we cannot readily capture in the model the fact that some relationships apply only to certain roles.

6. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Modeling the Roles as Participation in Relationships In the supertype-only model roles can often be described in terms of participation in relationships. –a customer is a party who maintains an account –a supplier as a party who participates in a contract for supply.

7. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Using Role Entity Classes and One-to-One Relationships

8. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 The party role explained The role entity classes can be supertyped into Party Role –This is to facilitate communication and we would be most unlikely to implement at this level, : we could have no distinction among roles that the role entity classes were designed to provide. –intermediate supertyping is often useful in that it helps us to address the roles we need in specific contexts The role entity class approach is usually the neatest solution to the problem when there are significant differences in the attributes and relationships applicable to different roles.

9. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Multiple Partitions Several CASE tools allow multiple breakdowns (partitions) into complete, non- overlapping subtypes. (opposite)

10. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Example explained Only a public company can be listed on a stock exchange. Only an overseas company can be represented by a local company. If a given company could be both public and local, for example, it would be difficult to model both of these constraints if we were restricted to a single partition.

11. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Translating multiple partitons Translation to a relational model is difficult. We can do any one of the following: 1.Implement only the highest level supertype as a table 2.Select one partition and implement the subtypes as tables, e.g., Private Company and Public Company 3.Implement multiple levels selecting only some of the partitions, e.g., implement only Company, Private Company and Public Company as tables 4.Implement multiple levels and multiple partitions, e.g., implement Company, Local Company, Overseas Company, Private Company and Public Company all as tables.

12. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 When do we stop? Dont subtype where sub-types have different identifiers, or different attribute groups, or participate in different relationships, or where some sub-types engage in critical processes and others do not Dont sub-type where migration of occurrences from one sub-type to another is common

13. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Benefits of Using Subtypes and Supertypes Creativity – Can this entity class be subtyped into more specific entity classes that represent distinct business concepts? and, – Are any of the entity classes candidates for generalization into a common supertype? Presentation: Level of Detail Communication Input to the Design of Views Classifying Common Patterns Divide and Conquer (top-down) Approach to Modeling

14. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Relationship generalization resulting from entity generalization

15. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Generalizing mutually exclusive 1:many relationships

16. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Mutually Exclusive Relationships Diagramming convention for mutually exclusive relationships

17. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Attribute Generalization within Entity Classes: One Class! FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (Department No, Year, Approved By, First Quarter Material Budget Amount, Second Quarter Material Budget Amount, Third Quarter Material Budget Amount, Last Quarter Material Budget Amount, First Quarter Material Actual Amount, Second Quarter Material Actual Amount, Third Quarter Material Actual Amount, Total Material Actual Amount, First Quarter Labor Budget Amount, Second Quarter Labor Budget Amount, Third Quarter Labor Budget Amount, Last Quarter Labor Budget Amount, First Quarter Labor Actual Amount, Second Quarter Labor Actual Amount, Third Quarter Labor Actual Amount, Total Labor Actual Amount, Other Budget Amount, Other Actual Amount, Discretionary Spending Limit)

18. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Generalizing Budget vs. Actual for Each Category FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (Department No, Year, Approved By, Discretionary Spending Limit) MATERIAL BUDGET ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Material Budget Amount) LABOR BUDGET ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Labor Budget Amount) OTHER BUDGET ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Other Budget Amount) MATERIAL ACTUAL ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Material Actual Amount) LABOR ACTUAL ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Labor Actual Amount) OTHER ACTUAL ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Other Actual Amount)

19. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Generalizing to Budget vs. Actual for All Categories FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (Department No, Year, Approved By, Discretionary Spending Limit) BUDGET ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Budget Type, Budget Amount) ACTUAL ITEM (Department No, Year, Period Number, Budget Type, Actual Amount)

20. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 The Thing Equivalent for Attributes

21. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 … And Generalized generalization for kind of equipment and parameter type vs. actual equipment and value

22. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Diagramming Conventions Boxes in Boxes (the text) Most of the alternative conventions, including UML are based around lines between supertypes and subtypes. –confused with relationships, –implies that the model allows redundant data.

23. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Using Tools that Do Not Support Subtyping usually tools suggest subtypes be shown as one-to-one relationships. suggest you adopt a relationship name, such as be or is,

24. Copyright: ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Beginning next lecture Now that we know about the tools we can begin to explore using them in anger in real business contexts –Process/stages and deliverables –Data warehousing