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Operational amplifier applications
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Summing amplifier
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Instrumentation amplifier
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Integrating amplifier
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Some sensors output a current rather than a voltage
Some sensors output a current rather than a voltage. The most common sensor of this type is the photodiode which has a current output proportional to the amount of light shining on it. The purpose of the signal conditioning circuitry is to convert the current output of the sensor to a voltage. Photocell Connected to a Current Amplifier
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Differentiating amplifier
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OPAMP in Non-linear configurations
Precision rectifier Although there are some limitations, this super diode circuit behaves like an ideal diode for the load RL
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OPAMP in Non-linear configurations
Precision rectifier (Improved Circuit) transfer characteristic
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Peak detector With little modifications basic precision rectifier can be used also for detecting peak levels of signal. In the following circuit a capacitor keeps the peak voltage level of signal and switch can be used for resetting detected level.
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OPAMP in Non-linear configurations
Logarithmic output
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OPAMP in Non-linear configurations
Exponential configuration
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The effect of using a Schmitt trigger (B) instead of a comparator (A).
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Schmitt trigger Link to Simulation
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Schmitt trigger with inverting hysteretic switching characteristic
Link to Simulation 1 2 switching thresholds are:
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A practical Schmitt trigger configuration
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Use as an oscillator 1 2
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