1. Cognitive Dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

2. Persuasion - Cognitive Dissonance Theory 1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive dissonance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

3. Persuasion - Cognitive Dissonance Theory 1 The most famous example of how Cognitive Dissonance can be used for persuasion comes from Festinger and Carlsmith’s 1959 experiment in which participants were asked to complete a very dull task for an hour https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

4. Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 The theory of cognitive dissonance, part of the Cybernetic Tradition, explains how humans are consistency seekers and attempt to reduce their dissonance, or discomfort, in new situations.Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. The theory was developed in the 1950s by Leon Festinger.Donsbach, Wolfgang (2008). Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed). Blackwell Publishing. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

5. Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 For this reason, cognitive dissonance is considered a drive state that encourages motivation to achieve consonance and reduce dissonance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

6. Interpersonal communication - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 An example of cognitive dissonance would be if someone holds the belief that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important, but they don’t regularly work out or eat healthy, they may experience dissonance between their beliefs and their actions https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

7. Choice-supportive bias - Relation to cognitive dissonance 1 The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce Cognitive dissonance|dissonance. Choice-supportive bias is potentially related to the aspect of cognitive dissonance explored by Jack Brehm (1956) as postdecisional dissonance. Within the context of cognitive dissonance, choice-supportive bias would be seen as reducing the conflict between I prefer X and I have committed to Y. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

8. Persuade - Cognitive Dissonance Theory 1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive dissonance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

9. Persuade - Cognitive Dissonance Theory 1 The most famous example of how Cognitive Dissonance can be used for persuasion comes from Festinger and Carlsmith’s 1959 experiment in which participants were asked to complete a very dull task for an hour https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

10. Motivation - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal feelings and actions https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

11. Motivation - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 While not a theory of motivation, per se, the theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a drive theory|motivational drive to reduce dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

12. Cognitive dissonance 1 Cognitive dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

13. Cognitive dissonance 1 Leon Festinger's 'theory of cognitive dissonance' focuses on how humans strive for internal consistency. When inconsistency (dissonance) is experienced, individuals largely become psychologically distressed. His basic hypotheses are listed below: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

14. Cognitive dissonance - Magnitude of dissonance 1 The pressure to reduce cognitive dissonance is a function of the magnitude of said dissonance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

15. Cognitive dissonance - Reducing cognitive dissonance 1 Cognitive dissonance theory is founded on the assumption that individuals seek consistency between their expectations and their reality. Because of this, people engage in a process called dissonance reduction to bring their cognitions and actions in line with one another. This creation of uniformity allows for a lessening of psychological tension and distress. According to Festinger, dissonance reduction can be achieved in three ways: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

16. Cognitive dissonance - Theory and research 1 Most of the research on cognitive dissonance takes the form of one of four major paradigms. Important research generated by the theory has been concerned with the consequences of exposure to information inconsistent with a prior belief, what happens after individuals act in ways that are inconsistent with their prior attitudes, what happens after individuals make decisions, and the effects of effort expenditure. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

17. Cognitive dissonance - Belief disconfirmation paradigm 1 If the dissonance is not reduced by changing one's belief, the dissonance can result in restoring consonance through misperception, rejection or refutation of the information, seeking support from others who share the beliefs, and attempting to persuade others.Harmon-Jones, Eddie, A Cognitive Dissonance Theory Perspective on Persuasion, in The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice, James Price Dillard, Michael Pfau, eds https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

18. Cognitive dissonance - Belief disconfirmation paradigm 1 They faced acute cognitive dissonance: had they been the victim of a hoax? Had they donated their worldly possessions in vain? Most members chose to believe something less dissonant to resolve reality not meeting their expectations: they believed that the aliens had given Earth a second chance, and the group was now empowered to spread the word that earth- spoiling must stop https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

19. Cognitive dissonance - Induced-compliance paradigm 1 A 2012 study using a version of the forbidden toy paradigm showed that hearing music reduces the development of cognitive dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

20. Cognitive dissonance - Free-choice paradigm 1 This can be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

21. Cognitive dissonance - The Fox and the Grapes 1 A classic illustration of cognitive dissonance is expressed in the fable The Fox and the Grapes by Aesop (ca https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

22. Cognitive dissonance - Other related phenomena 1 Cognitive dissonance has also been demonstrated to occur when people seek to: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

23. Cognitive dissonance - Other related phenomena 1 There are other ways that cognitive dissonance is involved in shaping our views about people, as well as our own identities (as discussed more in the sections below) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

24. Cognitive dissonance - Applications of research 1 In addition to explaining certain counter- intuitive human behaviour, the theory of cognitive dissonance has practical applications in several fields. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

25. Cognitive dissonance - Education 1 Creating and resolving cognitive dissonance can have a powerful impact on students' motivation for learning.Aronson, E https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

26. Cognitive dissonance - Education 1 Psychologists have incorporated cognitive dissonance into models of basic processes of learning, notably constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist models https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

27. Cognitive dissonance - Education 1 Meta-analysis|Meta-analytic methods suggest that interventions that provoke cognitive dissonance to achieve directed conceptual change have been demonstrated across numerous studies to significantly increase learning in science and reading. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

28. Cognitive dissonance - Therapy 1 Cognitive dissonance: 50 years of a classic theory https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

29. Cognitive dissonance - Therapy 1 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022- 1031(85)90012-5 Cognitive dissonance and psychotherapy: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss.] Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 149 –160. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

30. Cognitive dissonance - Promoting healthy and pro-social behavior 1 Other studies suggest that cognitive dissonance can also be used to encourage individuals to engage in prosocial behaviour under various contexts such as campaigning against littering,Fried, C https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

31. Cognitive dissonance - Marketing 1 Research and understanding of cognitive dissonance in consumers reveals potential for developing marketing practices. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

32. Cognitive dissonance - Marketing 1 Cognitive dissonance is also useful to explain and manage post-purchase concerns. If a consumer feels that an alternate purchase would have been better it is likely he will not buy the product again. To counter this marketers have to convince the buyer constantly that the product satisfies their need and thereby help to reduce his cognitive dissonance and ensure repurchase of the same brand in the future. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

33. Cognitive dissonance - Social engineering 1 Exploitation of weaknesses caused by inducing cognitive dissonance in targets is one of the techniques used by perpetrators. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

34. Cognitive dissonance - Challenges and alternative theories 1 While cognitive dissonance theory has been utilized in experiments and is generally (although not entirely) accepted by those in the psychology field, there are alternative theories that account for human attitudes and behaviors. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

35. Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem) 1 Daryl Bem was an early critic of cognitive dissonance theory https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

36. Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem) 1 [http://dbem.ws/SP%20Theory%20Cogniti ve%20Dissonance.pdf Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.] Psychological Review, 74(3), 183–200. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

37. Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem) 1 This provides support for cognitive dissonance theory and makes it unlikely that self-perception by itself can account for all the laboratory findings. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

38. Cognitive dissonance - Self-perception theory (Bem) 1 Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle? American Psychologist, 26(8), 685–695 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

39. Cognitive dissonance - Averse consequences vs. inconsistency (Cooper Fazio) 1 [http://www.socialemotiveneuroscience.org /pubs/hj_etal96.pdf Evidence that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance.] Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 5–16. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

40. Cognitive dissonance - Free-choice paradigm criticism (Chen et al.) 1 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101187910 8 Neural correlates of cognitive dissonance and choice-induced preference change.] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 107(51), 22014-22019.Sharot, T., Velasquez, C https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

41. Cognitive dissonance - Neuroscience findings 1 [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2 6817210_Neural_activity_predicts_attitude _change_in_cognitive_dissonance/file/3de ec51b8bf291652a.pdf Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance.] Nature Neuroscience, 12(11), 1469–1474. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

42. Cognitive dissonance - Neuroscience findings 1 [http://courses.washington.edu/evpsych/E gan%20Santos%20Bloom%20- %20origins%20cog%20diss%20- %20Psy%20Sci%202007.pdf The origins of cognitive dissonance: Evidence from children and monkeys] Psychological Science, 18(11), 978-983. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

43. Cognitive dissonance - Modeling in neural networks 1 Neural network models of cognition have provided the necessary framework to integrate the empirical research done on cognitive dissonance and attitudes into one model of explanation of attitude formation and change.Read, S.J., Vanman, E.J., Miller L.C https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

44. Cognitive dissonance - Modeling in neural networks 1 Various neural network models have been developed to predict how cognitive dissonance will influence an individual's attitude and behavior. These include: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

45. Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance 1 Festinger's seminal 1957 work integrated existing research literature on influence and social communication under his theory of cognitive dissonance.Festinger, 1957 The theory was motivated by a study of rumors immediately following a severe earthquake in India in 1934 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

46. Leon Festinger - Cognitive dissonance 1 Carlsmith published their classic cognitive dissonance experiment in 1959.Festinger Carlsmith, 1959 In the experiment, subjects were asked to perform an hour of boring and monotonous tasks (i.e., repeatedly filling and emptying a tray with 12 spools and turning 48 square pegs in a board clockwise) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

47. Human subject research - Cognitive Dissonance 1 2007 Cognitive Dissonance, Fifty Years of a Classic Theory, SAGE Publications In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith devised a situation in which participants would undergo excessively tedious and monotonous tasks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

48. Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance 1 A rather different, but perhaps complementary, approach to rationalization comes from cognitive dissonance. 'In 1957. Leon Festinger...argued that when people become aware that their attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs (cognitions) are inconsistent with one another, this realization brings with it an uncomfortable state of tension called cognitive dissonance '.E. R. Smith and D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (Hove 2007) p. 277-8 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

49. The Illuminatus! Trilogy - Cognitive dissonance 1 Those who experience cognitive dissonance become either very flexible and agnostic or very rigid and schizophrenic https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

50. Elliot Aronson - Cognitive dissonance 1 A theory of cognitive dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

51. Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance 1 The phenomenon of buyer’s remorse has been generally associated with the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance, a state of psychological discomfort when at least two elements of cognition are in opposition, and which motivates the person to appease it by changing how they think about the situation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

52. Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance 1 Low rewards matched with these three conditions will most likely result in buyer’s remorse via cognitive dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

53. Buyer's remorse - Cognitive dissonance 1 In this extension of cognitive dissonance, the duality of satisfaction and intention are separate phenomena within buyer’s remorse. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

54. Ben Franklin effect - Effect as an example of cognitive dissonance 1 This perception of Franklin has been cited as an example within cognitive dissonance theory, which says that people change their attitudes or behavior to resolve tensions, or dissonance, between their thoughts, attitudes, and actions https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

55. Self-justification - Cognitive dissonance: the engine that drives self-justification 1 The need to justify our actions and decisions, especially the ones inconsistent with our beliefs, comes from the unpleasant feeling called cognitive dissonance.Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs whenever a person holds two inconsistent cognitions. For example, smoking will shorten the life which I wish to live for as long as possible and yet I smoke three packs a day. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

56. System justification - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 One of the most popular and well-known social psychological theories, cognitive dissonance|cognitive dissonance theory explains that people have a need to maintain cognitive consistency in order to retain a positive self-image. System justification theory builds off the cognitive dissonance framework, in that it posits people will justify a social system in order to retain a positive image of that social system, which in turn could actually cause more conflict and dissonance within some people. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

57. Attitude change - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 Cooper Fazio's (1984) have also added that cognitive dissonance does not arise from any simple cognitive inconsistency, but rather results from freely chosen behavior that may bring about negative consequences.Cooper J, Fazio RH https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

58. Attitude change - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 Thus, attitude change is achieved when individuals experience feelings of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent cognitions. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

59. Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 From a motivational account, the cognitive dissonance theory suggests that decision makers systematically prefer supporting information in order to reduce the aversive motivational state of dissonance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

60. Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 2) When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance (Festinger, 1957).Festinger, L. (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, p. 3 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

61. Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 Cognitive dissonance also occurs when people feel an attachment to and responsibility for a decision, position or behavior https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

62. Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance p https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

63. Selective exposure theory - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 The reduction in cognitive dissonance following a decision can be achieved by selectively looking for decision-consonant information and avoiding contradictory information https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

64. Persuaded - Cognitive dissonance theory 1 For example, a person who is addicted to smoking cigarettes but also suspects it could be detrimental to his health suffers from cognitive dissonance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-cognitive-dissonance-toolkit.html

65. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-cognitive-dissonance- toolkit.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-cognitive-dissonance- toolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com