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Gram Negative Bacterial Diseases
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Proteobacteria Alpha: Parasitic bacteria Beta: GNC Gamma Delta
Tick borne diseases Flea vector Beta: GNC Gamma Largest group Enterics Delta Sulfur reducing bacteria in soil/water Predatory (attack other bacteria) Epsilon : GI
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Gram Negative Cell Wall
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Neisseria Characteristics Pathogenicity GNC, diplococci Capnophile
Nonmotile Oxidase (+) Pathogenicity Fimbria Capsule Protease (inhibit IgA) LOS (oligosaccharide) Lipid A endotoxin
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Neisseria meningitidis
Epidemiology Normal microbiotica (resp) Pathogenicity Various strains Capsule LOS: lipid A Disease meningitis Septicemia/death Dx: CNS, Ab Tx: AB Prevention Vaccination Prophylactic AB to exposed
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonococci Eye Pharynx Uritogenital Rectum Pathogenicity Adhesins Pili Protein II Replicate in WBCs Disease STD “Clap” PID scar tissue Neonatal conjunctivitis Inflammation Urinary Repro Oral Cavity
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Dx Culture/Isolation Symptoms Tx: AB Cepha- quinolones Iodine/Silver Nitrate (eye) Prevention: Screen/Detection Tx infected individuals Condom use Public education
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Enterobacteriaceae Characteristics GNR Motile = flagella
Capsule/slime layer Nitrate reduction FA Oxidase (-) Epidemiology Source GI Water Soil Decaying vegetation Gamma Proteobacteria
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Enterobacteriaceae Groups Gammaproteobacteria: Enterics Coliforms
Noncoliforms Pathogens FA Oxidase (-) Reduce nitrate (cocco)bacilli
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Enterobacteriaceae Pathogenicity LPS Antigens Virulence factors
Core polysaccharide O polysaccharide Lipid A endotoxin Antigens Capsular (K) Flagellar (H) Virulence factors Immune evasion Capsule Fimbriae Type III secretion system Adhesins Exotoxins Hemolysins Iron-binding compounds
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Enterobacteriaceae Dx Tx Prevention Culture/Isolation Location
MAC EMB Location Tx Supportive AB Prevention Hand washing Sewage control
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Coliforms Normal GI microbiotica Groups Biochemical tests Escherichia
Klebsiella Serratia Enterobacter Hafnia Citrobacter Biochemical tests Ferment lactose
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Enteric Bacteria Pathogenicity Glycocalyx LPS K (capsular) antigens
Core polysaccharide O antigen Lipid A endotoxin K (capsular) antigens H (flagellar) antigens Fimbria Adhesins Exotoxins Hemolysins Bacteriocins Iron binding proteins Sex Pili AB resistance
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Enteric Bacteria Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Culture
Biochemical tests Treatment AB Toxin neutralization Prevention Hygiene Clean water supply
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Esherichia coli Coliform E. coli O157:H7 Pathogenicity
O, H, K antigens Plasmids for virulence Shiga-like Toxin Type III secretion system Disrupt PM Receptors for attachment Diseases Gastroenteritis Food-fecal contamination UTI Uremic syndrome Pyelonephritis Septicemia Neonatal meningitis
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Klebsiella Epidemiology Pathogenicity Diseases Dx: Culture Tx: AB
Nosocomial Reservior Soil, water GI Respiratory tract Pathogenicity Polysaccharide capsules Diseases UTI Bacteremia Meningitis Pneumonia Cherry red sputum Lung abscess Empyema Dx: Culture Tx: AB
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Serratia Characteristics Agent: S. marcescens Epidemiology
Red pigment coliform Agent: S. marcescens Epidemiology Nosocomial Opportunistic Fomites (catheters, saline solutions) GI Soil, water Pathogenicity AB resistance Endotoxin Diseases UTI URTI
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Enterobacter Agents E. aerogenes E. cloacae Location Coliform
Water, sewage Soil Epidemiology Opportunistic Blood Wounds/incisions Nosocomial Pathogenicity Endotoxin AB resistance Disease Dairy contaminant UTI Pneumonia
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Hafnia (formerly Enterobacter sp)
Characteristics GNR, FA motile Agent: H. alvei (2 biogroups) Epidemiology GI micorbiotica (HARF) Opportunistic, nosocomial Pathogenesis Attach and efface enterocyte mucosa (LEE) Disease Diarrhea Gastroenteritis Peritinitis Septecemia Liver Abscesses UTI Endocarditis Meningitis Pneumonia Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
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Citrobacter Characteristics GNR, FA Ferment lactose Agent: C. freundii
Epidemiology GI microbiotica (HARF) Soil, water Decaying vegetation Pathogenesis Opportunistic Lipid A endotoxin Disease UTI Cholecystitis Meningitis OM Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
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Noncoliform Opportunistic Nosocomial Diseases UTI Kidney stones Groups
Proteus Morganella Providencia Edwardsiella Biochemical Non lactose fomenters
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Proteus Characteristics Agent Epidemiology Pathogenicity Disease
GNR, FA Flagella (polar), swarms Urease (+) Agent P. mirabilis P. vulgaris Epidemiology Colon, soil & water Opportunistic Pathogenicity Urease Motility Endotoxin Disease UTI (catheter) Kidney stones Dx: Culture Tx: AB, resistance is developing
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Morganella (formerly Proteus sp.)
Characteristics GNR, FA, motile Only glucose fermentation Agents M. morganii Epidemiology GI microbiotica (HAR) Nosocomial Pathogenesis: Lipid A endotoxin Disease UTI GI diarrhea CNS infection Ear and Sinus infections Dx: Culture Tx: AB
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Providencia Characteristics GNR Motile FA Agents: P. stuartii
P. rettgeri P. alcalifaciens Epidemiology Normal GI microbiotica animals humans Nosocomial Catheter Endotracheal tubes Pathogenesis: plasmid codes for urease Disease GU: UTI, prostatitis, kidney stones Pneumonia Bacteremia Dx: Culture fluids, feces Tx: AB, but developing resistance
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Edwardsiella Characteristics Agents Epidemiology Pathogenesis Disease
GNR, FA +/- motility Agents E. hoshinae E. tarda Epidemiology Opportunistic GI tract (HARF) Pathogenesis Disease Gastroenteritis UTI Wound infections Dx: Culture fluids Tx: AB
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Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria
Characteristics NLF Virulence Type III secretion Toxins Groups Salmonella Shigella Yersinia
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Salmonella Characteristic GNR Motile (peritrichous) Gas production
H2S production Urease (-) Oxidase (-) Location GI (S. enterica) 2,000 serovars Examples S. typhi S. paratyphi S. typhimurium
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Salmonella pathogenicity
Epidemiology Fecal contamination Poultry products Milk Pathogenicity Many serotypes Proteins endocytosis Invade intestinal mucosa Toxins Enterotoxin Cytotoxin Diseases Salmonellosis N/V/D Bacteremia Typhoid fever Gastroenteritis Peritonitis
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Salmonella Dx Culture Isolation Symptoms Tx Supportive AB
Cholecystectomy Prevention Hygiene Proper food handling Cooking Refrigeration Vaccination
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Salmonella typhi Epidemiology Source Carrier’s feces Transmission
Contaminated food/H2O Pathogenesis Invade GI spread to LN, Liver, GB Shed bacteria in feces: 3mos Abdominal pain, anorexia Disease Typhoid fever Dx: Culture blood, feces; Serology Tx: AB Prevention: Food handling Isolation of infected individuals Vaccine for high risk individuals
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Shigella Characteristics Examples GNR Nonmotile FA
(-): urease, oxidase Examples S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. boydii S. sonnei
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Shigella Location GI pathogen Epidemiology
Source: food/water contamination with feces Transmission Fecal-oral 4 F’s food fingers feces flies
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Shigella Pathogenesis Multiply in colon mucosa
Disrupt phagosome membrane and invade Toxins Exotoxin: Shiga Toxin Endotoxin Disease Diarrhea: water, blood, mucus Shigellosis dysentery Ulcerate colon Dx: Isolates, biochemical tests, serology Tx: fluid support, AB Prevention Hygiene Sewage treatment
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Yersinia Characteristics Location Epidemiology Agents GNR
GI of animals Endemic (in West Texas) Epidemiology Food/H20 contamination with feces Direct contact Indirect: inhalation Vector: flea bite Agents Y. enterocolitica Y. pseudotuberculosis Y. pestis
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Yersinia Pathogenicity Pathogen YOPS outer membrane proteins
Prevent phagocytosis Plasmid virulence factors Adhesins Type III secretion systems Trigger apoptosis PMN MO
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Yersinia Diseases Gastroenteritis (Y. enterocolitica) SI Mesenteric LN
Plague (Y. pestis) Bubonic (LN) Pneumonic (Lungs) Dx: Blood ID, culture, PCR Tx: AB Prevention: control Rodent Flea Vaccination Isolation of infected persons
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Plague life cycle Reservoir Vector: Flea Hosts Cycle Rats Mice Voles
Amplify Prairie dogs Rabbits Deer Dogs/Cats Cycle Flea bite Exposure to infected animals
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Bubonic Plague Lymphadenopathy Bacteremia DIC S.C. Hemorrhage Gangrene
“Black” Death
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Pneumonic Plague Lungs Bloody sputum Dyspnea Respiratory droplet
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Alpha, Beta, & other Gamma proteobacteria
Aerobic GNR Groups Alpha Bartonella Brucella Beta Bordetella Burkholderia Gamma Pseudomonads Pseudomonas Moraxella Acinetobacter Francisella Legionella Coxiella
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Alpha Proteobacteria
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Bartonella Characteristics Location: animals Vectors: insects Examples
Aerobic Location: animals Vectors: insects Examples B. bacilliformis B. quintana B. henselae
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Bartonella Diseases Bartonellosis Trench fever Bacillary
Sand flies RBCs invaded Trench fever Lice Bone pain Bacillary Angiomatosis Peliosis hepatitis Cat-Scratch fever fleas Cat nails, teeth LN and abscesses
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Brucella Characteristics Location Pathogenicity Examples coccobacillus
Intracellular parasite Animal hosts Pathogenicity Prevent phagolysosome Examples B. melitensis B. abortus B. suis B. canis
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Brucella Epidemiology Disease Tx: AB Prevention Unpasteurized dairy
Animal blood / urine Reproductive organs Disease Undulant fever (Bangs) Tx: AB Prevention Animal vaccination
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Beta Proteobacteria
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Bordetella Characteristics Location Examples Aerobic GN coccobacillus
B. pertussis B. parapertussis B. bronchiseptica
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Bordetella Epidemiology Pathogenicity Disease: whooping cough
Inhaled aerosols Inhibit ciliary action Pathogenicity Adhesins Toxins Pertussis Adenylate cyclase Dermonecrotic Tracheal Disease: whooping cough Prevention Hygiene Vaccination (DPT)
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Burkholderia Characteristics Aerobic Flagella Location environmental
Opportunistic: Lungs Joints Skin Diseases Meliodosis Glanders Example Burk. cepacia Burk. mallei Burk. pseuodomallei
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Gamma Proteobacteria
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Pseudomonads Characteristics Location Examples GNR aerobic
Environment: soil Moist areas opportunistic Examples Pseudomonas Moraxella Actinobacter
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pathogenicity Fimbria= biofilms Adhesins Enzymes Neuraminidase elastase Capsule ROS Drug Antiports Toxins Endotoxin: Lipid A Exotoxin Exotoxin A Exoenzyme S
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diseases Bacteremia Endocarditis UTI CNS GI M/SK Burn Resp
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Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly Branhamella sp)
Characteristics Aerobic Short bacilli Disease Opportunistic URTI Ears Sinusitis
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Acinetobacter Characteristics Location Diseases Aerobic Short bacillus
Soil Water Sewage Diseases Opportunistic URTI UTI CNS Endocarditis
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Francisella Characteristics: GNR Agent: F. tularensis Epidemiology
Animal reservoirs (rabbits) Transmission Vector bite (tick, fly, mosq) Direct contact with infected tissue Inhalation Pathogenesis Ulcer Enlarged LN Disease Tuleremia Dx: Culture, PCR, FlorescentAb/Agglut Tx: AB Prevention Vector control Vaccination
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Francisella tularensis
Characteristics Aerobic Coccobacillus Location Water Intracellular parasite Epidemiology Zoonotic Bite mosquito, fly Tick feces Infected animal Rabbit muskrat Tularemia Pathogenicity Capsule Beta lactamase Disease LN buboes Resp: cough, pain Death
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Legionella Source: environment Epidemiology Path Diseases
Soil Water (A/C, showers) Epidemiology Airborne Chronic illness susceptible Path Cytotoxic protease Diseases Severe bronchopneumonia Pontiac fever Dx : Isolation, urine Ag Tx: AB Prevention clean environment Water chlorination
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Legionella pneumophila
Characteristic Aerobic Pleomorphic Location: water Epidemiology Intracellular parasite Inhalation of aerosols Pathogenicity Protozoa carry Exit pores Disease Pneumonia 2nd: GI, Urinary
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Coxiella burnetii Characteristic Location Epidemiology Pathogenicity
aerobe Location Intracellular parasite phagolysosome Epidemiology Hosts Avian Mammals Vector: Tick Pathogenicity Spore like infective body Human Disease Inhale infective body Q fever Acute Chronic
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Pasteurellaceae Gammaproteobacteria Groups GNR Oxidase (+) FA
Nonmotile Groups Pasteurella Haemophilus Bovine pneumonia
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Pasteurella Characteristics GNR Agent: P. multocida Location
Normal microbiotica in animals Oral Resp Exposure Animal bite Aerosol Pathogenesis Zoonotic Disease Humans Abscess Arthritis Animals Pneumonia Sepsis
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Haemophilus Characteristics Location Examples GNR Pleomorphic
MM parasite Examples H. influenza H. ducreyi H. aphrophilus H. parainfluenza H. aegyptius
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Haemophilus influenzae
Pathogenicity Capsule K antigen Various strains Disease Meningitis Infantile arthritis Cellulitis Epiglottitis Ocular and Aural (OM) Sinusitis URTI (bronchitis. Pneumonia) Tx: AB Prevention vaccination
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Haemophilus parainfluenza
Characteristics Epidemiology Component of dental plaque Pathogenesis Disease POD Valvular endocarditis Dx
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Haemophilus aegyptius
Purpuric Fever South America Children Disease Conjunctivitis N/V/D Shock Death
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Haemophilus ducreyi STD Pathogenicity Disease toxin
Genital ulcer (chancroid)
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Vibrios Vibrio Campylobacter Helicobacter
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Vibrio Characteristics GNR Agent: V. cholera Epidemiology carriers
Fecal contamination Water Food Pathogenesis Serotypes: O1 and O139 Adhere to intestinal mucosa Toxin: Choleragen (from bacteriophage) Subunit A Activates adenylate cyclase Hypersecretion of Cl- and H20 Subunit B Binds to intestinal receptors Disease Muscle cramps Profuse diarrhea Circulatory shock and collapse Dx: culture of feces, Agglutination Rxn Tx: supportive; AB Prevention: water sanitation
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Proteobacteria Epsilon Campylobacter Helicobacter
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Campylobacter Characteristics GNR, curved Capnophile Agent: C. jejuni
Epidemiology Source GI animals Birds Cattle Water Transmission Contaminated water Undercooked food Contact with infected animals
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Campylobacter Pathogenesis Invades SI
Exotoxin (similar to cholera toxin) Disease Gastroenteritis and ulceration Bloody watery diarrhea Endocarditis Septic arthritis Meningitis Dx: Culture and Isolation Tx: Supportive, AB: erythromycin Prevention: Hygiene Proper food handling Pasteurization Cooking of meat
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Helicobacter (Campylobacter)
Characteristics GNR Agent: H. pylori Epidemiology Gastric mucosa (mucus) Food-water: person-person Pathogenesis Adhesins: Fimbria Enzymes Urease Proteases Phospholipidase Cytokines Toxins: cytoxins Diseases Gastritis Peptic ulcers Gastric cancer Dx: Gastric biopsy culture Tx: Peptobismol Metronidizole Beta lactam AB Prevacid
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Anaerobic GNR Bacteroides Prevotella
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Bacteroides fragilis Characteristics Location Epidemiology
GNR Pleomorphic anaerobic Location Normal GI microbiotica Epidemiology 85% of GI disease Pathogenicity Fimbria Capsule Inhibit lysosomes Disease Peritonitis (ruptured GI) Pelvic Abscesses Wound necrosis
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Provotella Characteristic Location: normal flora
GNR anaerobic Location: normal flora Urogenital Respiratory Epidemiology: opportunistic Pathogenicity Adhesins Antiphagocytic capsules Proteases Disease Sinusitis OM POD PID
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