1. Classroom Presentation
The First Global Age
Classroom Presentation
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2. Interactive Menu Tools of Exploration Diagrams Historical Connections
Picture Prompt
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3. Tools of Exploration Introduction Navigation Shipbuilding Cartography
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4. Introduction
Before the 15th century, Europeans had not reached the level of technological advancement required to cross the ocean.
Early ships, for example, could not sail against the wind or sail close to the coast without getting stuck.
Then, two events helped Europeans gain important scientific and technological knowledge:
The Crusades
The Scientific Revolution
Tools
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5. The Scientific Revolution
The Crusades
These were wars that European Christians fought against Muslims for control of the “holy land”
Several generations took part in a total of 9 Crusades over the course of about 300 years (1096 – 1272 A.D.)
During this period, Europeans gained valuable scientific and technological knowledge.
The Scientific Revolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists were
Tools
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6. Navigation 1 2 3 The Astrolabe The Magnetic Compass
Invented by Ancient Greeks, improved by Arab Astronomers, this tool helped European navigators determine a ship’s latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or a star in relation to the horizon.
The Magnetic Compass
This Chinese invention uses a magnetized iron needle that aligns itself to the north and south magnetic poles.
The Quadrant or Backstaff
Like the astrolabe, this tool measured the angle of the sun to determine latitude. However, the user did not have to stare into the sun to get the measurement. 1 2
Because of the movement of the ship, it was difficult to get an accurate reading from either the astrolabe or the quadrant. In the middle of the 16th century, a new tool called the sextant began to replace both the astrolabe and the quadrant. Not only could the sextant be used at night, it did not require a steady hand. In addition, the sextant was able to measure both latitude and longitude. 3
Tools
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7. Improvements in Shipbuilding
In the late 1400s, the Portuguese developed the caravel.
It’s design was based on ancient Greek and Roman, as well as existing Arab fishing boats.
Lateen (triangular) sails combined with square sails meant that this ship
was easy to maneuver
very fast
could sail into the wind
With a shallow keel, the ship could hug the coastline without getting stuck.
Image courtesy of the Navy of Brazil
The average caravel was 65 – 100 feet long and could carry up to 100 tons of cargo and 20 crewmembers.
Tools
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8. Improvements in Cartography
Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking.
As Europeans ventured farther from home, their knowledge of the Earth expanded.
The maps produced were more accurate and cartographers found ways to perfect their craft.
In 1570, Belgian cartographer Abraham Ortelius published a collection of maps titled Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. The book is considered the first modern atlas.
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9. Diagrams Motives of Exploration Columbus Reaches the New World
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10. Motives for Exploration
Religious
Eco nom ic
Politi cal
Diagrams
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11. Motives for Exploration
Religious
Many Europeans saw exploration as an opportunity to spread the Christian faith.
Eco nom ic
Politi cal
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12. Motives for Exploration
Religious
Many Europeans saw exploration as an opportunity to spread the Christian faith.
Eco nom ic
At first, Europeans just wanted to pay less for Asian goods; later, nations and explorers realized they could become very rich through trade and conquest.
Politi cal
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13. Motives for Exploration
Religious
Many Europeans saw exploration as an opportunity to spread the Christian faith.
Eco nom ic
At first, Europeans just wanted to pay less for Asian goods; later, nations and explorers realized they could become very rich through trade and conquest.
Politi cal
For nations, exploration was a way expand the empire, which could increase their power and influence; for individuals, it could bring fame.
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14. Gold Gold Glory Glory God God
The Three G’s
Religious
Many Europeans saw exploration as an opportunity to spread the Christian faith.
Eco nom ic
At first, Europeans just wanted to pay less for Asian goods; later, nations and explorers realized they could become very rich through trade and conquest.
Politi cal
For nations, exploration was a way expand the empire, which could increase their power and influence; for individuals, it could bring fame.
Gold
Gold
Glory
Glory
God
God
Diagrams
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15. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Diagrams
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16. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
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17. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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18. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
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19. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
American Indians are displaced, killed
in battle over territory, and enslaved.
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20. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The Columbian
Exchange begins
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
American Indians are displaced, killed
in battle over territory, and enslaved.
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21. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The Columbian
Exchange begins
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Europeans brought many items with
them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.*
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
*Items brought to the Americas from Europe, Asia and Africa include: chickens, horses, pigs, cows, oxen, and goats; wheat, barley, rice, bananas, some varieties of grapes, olives, citrus fruits, watermelon, peaches, pears, lettuce, okra, onions, sugar cane and coffee; techniques in metallurgy, shipbuilding, agriculture, and European weaponry; smallpox, measles, malaria, influenza, the common cold; African slaves.
American Indians are displaced, killed
in battle over territory, and enslaved.
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22. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The Columbian
Exchange begins
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Europeans brought many items with
them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
Europeans brought home many items
previously unknown in the Eastern
Hemisphere.*
*Items brought to Europe, Asia, and Africa from the Americas include: turkeys, quinine, maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, beans (lima, kidney, and navy), avocado, squash, pumpkins, peppers, sunflowers, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, vanilla, gold and silver.
American Indians are displaced, killed
in battle over territory, and enslaved.
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23. Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations
begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The Columbian
Exchange begins
The French, English, and Dutch send
explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
Europeans brought many items with
them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.
Fierce competition ensues between
European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
Europeans brought home many items
previously unknown in the Eastern
Hemisphere.
It is also important to note that these voyages of discovery increased mankind’s knowledge of the world and fostered scientific and technological advancement.
American Indians are displaced, killed
in battle over territory, and enslaved.
Millions of American Indians die from
European diseases.
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24. Historical Connections
Food
Around the World
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25. Food
Can you imagine spaghetti without tomato sauce, a burger without fries, or red beans without rice?
Before Europeans came to the New World, many of the dishes we take for granted simply did not exist because the ingredients came from different hemispheres:
Tomatoes, potatoes and beans, for example, originated in the Americas.
Pasta, rice and cattle originated in Asia but were brought to Europe long before Columbus was even born.
Perhaps the most delicious combination of ingredients from two different hemispheres was born when the cocoa bean met sugar cane!
Connections
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26. Chocolate The cocoa bean is native to Central and South America.
Mesoamericans often used the beans as a form of currency.
Cocoa beans and green chiles were also used to make a spicy, bitter drink called xocolatl.*
Spanish explorers brought the beans back to Europe.
There, other ingredients such as sugar and milk were added to create the sweet candies and desserts we know and love!
Today, chocolate is a multi- billion dollar industry.
In 2000, Americans alone consumed more than 3 billion pounds of chocolate.
European nations consume 40% of the world’s cocoa.
Most of the world’s cocoa beans are now grown in West African countries.
However, the bulk of the profits from the sale of chocolate go American and European companies.
The “x” in Mesoamerican languages is pronounced as “sh.” This is probably the origin of the English word chocolate. Without sugar – which did not exist in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived – cocoa beans produce a strong bitter taste. The same ingredients used in xocolatl are used to make traditional Mexican sauces such as Mole Poblano.
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27. Around the World Victoria Rutan Voyager
In1522, the remaining members of Ferdinand Magellan’s crew became the first Europeans to circumnavigate the globe.
The Victoria limped into a Spanish port on September 6 loaded with precious spices.
The entire journey took 3 years to complete and cost the lives of Magellan and most of his crew.
On December 23, 1986, the Rutan Model 76 Voyager completed the first continuous flight around the world without refueling.
The aircraft was piloted by former Vietnam fighter pilot Dick Rutan and aviator Jeana Yeager.
The flight was completed in just 9 days.
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28. What Is Wrong with this Picture?
An early 20th century illustration showing Vikings coming ashore.
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29. What Is Wrong with this Picture?
The infamous horned or winged helmet has become an enduring symbol of the Viking warrior. However, there is absolutely no evidence that Viking helmets had either horns or wings.
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30. What Is Wrong with this Picture?
Cross-gartering, as shown here, was probably not practiced by the Vikings. They may have worn strips of fabric for added warmth, but they would have wrapped these strips around the lower leg only in a spiral fashion.
END
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