2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System in Animals

3. Regents Biology  Supplies in  fuel (sugars)  digestive system  oxygen  respiratory system  Waste out  CO 2  respiratory system  Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body  circulatory system Feeding the Need for Energy

4. Regents Biology Circulatory system  Made up of 3 parts  organ  heart  tissues & cells  blood  red blood cells  blood vessels (vascular system)  arteries  veins  capillaries

5. Regents Biology Circulatory systems  All animals have:  muscular pump = heart  tubes = blood vessels  circulatory fluid = “blood” openclosed hemolymphblood

6. Regents Biology Vertebrate circulatory system heart lungs body  2 part system artery to body artery to lungs vein from lungs to heart vein from body to heart AV SL AV

7. Regents Biology Circulation of Blood in Mammals  2 part system  Circulation to lungs  blood gets O 2 from lungs  brings O 2 -rich blood back to heart  Circulation to body  pumps O 2 -rich blood to body  picks up nutrients from digestive system  brings CO 2 & cell wastes from body to heart heart lungs body Circulation to lungs Circulation to body

8. Regents Biology Stops along the way…  Lungs  pick up O 2 / clean out CO 2  Small Intestines  pick up nutrients from digested food  Large Intestines  pick up water from digested food  Liver  clean out worn out blood cells

9. Regents Biology More stops along the way…  Kidneys  filters out wastes (urea)  excess salts, sugars & water  Bone  picks up new red blood cells  Spleen  picks up new white blood cells

10. Regents Biology Mammalian Heart  4-Chambered heart  atria (atrium)  thin wall  collection chamber  receive blood  ventricles  thick wall pump  pump blood out right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle

11. Regents Biology AV SL AV Heart valves  4 valves in the heart  flaps of connective tissue  prevent backflow  AV valve  between atrium & ventricle  keeps blood from flowing back into atrium when ventricle pumps  “lub”  Semilunar valves  between ventricle & arteries  prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles  “dub” Heart murmur  leaking valve causes hissing sound  blood squirts backward through valve

12. Regents Biology Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries  heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses  signal also transmitted to skin = EKG

13. Regents Biology Measurement of blood pressure  High Blood Pressure (hypertension)  if top number (pumping) > 150  if bottom number (filling) > 90

14. Regents Biology Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins

15. Regents Biology Arteries: Built for their job  Arteries  blood flows away from heart  thicker walls  provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood  elastic & stretchable  maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes

16. Regents Biology Major arteries pulmonary artery pulmonary artery = to lungs aorta carotid = to head to brain & left arm to right arm coronary arteries to body

17. Regents Biology Coronary arteries bypass surgery

18. Regents Biology Veins: Built for their job  Veins  blood returns back to heart  thinner-walled  blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure  blood flows because muscles contract when we move  squeeze blood through veins  valves in large veins  in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve

19. Regents Biology Major Veins pulmonary vein = from lung superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary vein = from lung inferior vena cava = from lower body

20. Regents Biology Capillary: Where all the action is  Capillaries  very thin walls  allows exchange of materials across capillary  O 2, CO 2, H 2 O, food, waste  diffusion

21. Regents Biology Blood & blood cells  Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells  plasma  fluid  dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more  cells  red blood cells (RBC)  transport O 2 in hemoglobin  white blood cells (WBC)  defense & immunity  platelets  blood clotting

22. Regents Biology Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis  Stem cells  “parent” cells in bone marrow  mature into many different types of cells white blood cells red blood cells white blood cells

23. Regents Biology Red blood cells  Small round cells  produced in bone marrow  lose nucleus & mitochondria  more space for hemoglobin  iron-containing protein that transports O 2  last 3-4 months (120 days)  filtered out by liver  ~3 million RBC destroyed each second  replaced by 3 million more produced each second  5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood  5 liters of blood in body  5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood  5 liters of blood in body

24. Regents Biology Hemoglobin  Protein which carries O 2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2

25. Regents Biology Blood clotting fibrin protein fibers build clot emergency repair of circulatory system platelets seal the hole chemical emergency signals

26. Regents Biology Cardiovascular disease  Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis  deposits inside arteries (plaques)  develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel  increase blood pressure  increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal arteryhardening of arteries

27. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health  Genetic effects  Diet  diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease  Exercise & lifestyle  smoking & lack of exercise increases risk of CV disease bypass surgery

28. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001) Heart Disease 696,947 Cancer 557,271 Stroke 162,672 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742 Diabetes 73,249 Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681 Alzheimer's disease 58,866 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis 40,974 Septicemia 33,865

29. Regents Biology Heart Disease Heart disease death rates 1996-2002 Adults ages 35 and older

30. Regents Biology Women & Heart Disease  Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Risk factors  Smoking  Lack of exercise  High fat diet  Overweight Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

31. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??