3. What does this represents?

4. http://www.pacmangame.info/

5. If edward can suck 1 litre of blood per minute, by how many min would all the blood be sucked?

6. Why do we need a transport system? Contents and functions of blood Blood groups Structure of blood vessels Structure and function of heart How blood flow around our body? Heart diseases

7. The need for a transport system Wastes substances Food and O 2 Diffusion is fast enough

8. The need for a transport system

9. The need for transport system

10. The need for a transport system

11. Carries Blood Carries lymph

14. 55% - Plasma <1% - WBC and platelets 45% - RBC

15. 90% water 10% dissolved substances Pale yellowish liquid that carries blood cells and dissolved substances.

16. 10% dissolved substances consists….. Soluble proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin, anitibodies) Food substances (glucose, amino acid, mineral salts) Hormones ( eg: insulin) Waste products (urea, uric acids) Dissolved mineral salts (Ca 2+, Na +, K +, HCO 3 - )

17. Red Blood cells (erythrocytes) Transport O 2 from the lungs to all parts of the body Circular, biconcave disc (Increases Surface area: vol ratio to absorb O 2 ) Nucleus absent (to contain more haemoglobin)

18. Elastic and can become bell-shaped to move through blood capillaries. Contains Haemoglobin Red Blood cells (erythrocytes)

19. Function of red blood cells [Pg 147] Haemoglobin – iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in RBC Haemoglobin In the lung, + oxygen Oxy- Haemoglobin Unstable complex In actively respiring tissues - oxygen unloaded **Reversible

20. Why people living in high altitudes have more RBC in their blood? Less O 2 in the environment More RBC in their blood More Haemoglobin per unit of blood Binds to more oxygen

21. Red blood cells Red blood cells are produced by bone marrow. Life span of 3-4 mths.

22. Destroyed in the spleen to release haemoglobin. Haemoglobin broken down in liver to produce iron and bile pigments. Red blood cells

23. From this picture, what are the difference between RBC and WBC? csnnst

24. White blood cells [pg 142] White blood cells helps the body to fight infections. Also known as leucocytes. Larger, few in number as compared to rbc Irregular, colourless, no haemoglobin Have a nucleus. Two types of WBC Shape different

25. During infection …[xtra] Harmful Toxins

26. During infection …[xtra] Infects healthy cells Causes cells to break up Bind

28. White blood cells(leucocytes) pg 142 Produce antibodies Lobed nucleus Ingesting and digesting foreign particles Round nucleus Granular cytoplasm

29. Able to change shape and move out of the blood capillaries into spaces among tissue cells to fight infection. ~Wound~

30. pg149

31. Engulf (cover) and ingest (eat) bacteria by phagocyotsis. Bacteria digested by enzymes in the phagocytes. Enzymes found in granular vesicles. Dead phagocytes + bacteria = Pus

32. Bacteria infection on you? Swelling and pain

33. Presence of bacteria/virus stimulates the lymphocytes to produce a chemical substance known as antibodies (Ab). **Substances that stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies are known as antigen.

34. Effects of Ab on bacteria Ab neutralize harmful toxins. Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane, causing bacteria to rupture. Cause bacteria to clump together (agglutinate) for easy phagocyotsis.

35. Ab neutralizes harmful toxins

36. Ab attach to bacteria cell membrane, causing bacteria to rupture bacteria ‘burst open’

37. Cause bacteria to clump together (agglutinate) for easy phagocyotsis Bacterial clumps being phagocytosed.

38. Antibodies attach to viruses, making them unable to bind to host cell. Healthy human cell

39. Why do you get chicken pox only once in your lifetime? Ab produced are specific to the particular infection. Stay in the blood for along time. Immune to chicken pox. Chicken Pox Virus

40. Why do doctors encourage breast feeding of babies? Milk contains high amount of antibodies which protects the baby from bacterial and viral infection.

41. During immunisation (pg 150) Dead bacteria and altered virus injected. induced (caused) the lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to the virus/bacteria.

42. Why our body cant fight against HIV virus.. …[XTRA] Antigens of HIV virus

43. ???

44. Organ transplant/tissue rejection [pg150] ? Unknown X

45. Any organ from another person is treated as a foreign object by our body immune system. Our lymphocytes would produce antibodies to destroy the transplant organ. Organ transplant/tissue rejection

46. From our own tissues. Obtain organ transplant from genetically related individuals. Take immuosupressive drugs – Inhibit the production of antibodies by lymphocytes. - lower resistance to infections - longtime How to organ transplant/tissue rejection

47. Phagocytosis Tissue/organ rejection Ab production

48. Not a cell Small membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm from certain bone marrow cells. Involves in blood clotting during injury. Platelets(thrombocytes )[pg143]

49. Blood clotting process http://www.footprints- science.co.uk/Bloodclotting.htm http://www.footprints- science.co.uk/Bloodclotting.htm

50. Blood clotting [pg 148] Damaged tissues and platelets Thrombokinase (enzyme) Fibrinogen (soluble protein) Fibrin (insoluble protein) Releases Prothrombin (inactive enzyme) Thrombin (active enzyme) Thrombokinase Ca 2+ ions Thrombin

51. Blood clotting Damaged tissues and platelets Thrombokinase (enzyme) Releases Then through a series of enzyme catalysed reactions, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin.

52. Blood clot fibrin threads form a mesh, trapping red blood cells to form a blood clot. Prevent excessive loss of blood. Seal the wound, protecting it from infection.

53. After clotting, serum is left behind. Serum = plasma without clotting factors Heparin prevents blood from clotting in undamaged blood vessels. Thrombokinases neutralises the action of heparin. Blood clot

54. The inability of blood to clot is known as haemophilia. Due to the lack of clotting factors. Consequence: slight injury results uncontrolled bleeding. Haemophilia

55. The royal disease 1819-1901

57. Summary of functions of blood Blood Transport function Protective function RBC O2O2 Plasma WBC Phagocytes Platelets