2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System

3. Regents Biology  To circulate substances throughout the body.  These organs function to supply cells and tissues with O2 and nutrients but also remove waste as well.  If cells do not receive O2 or nutrients, waste accumulate, cell will DIE!!!  Cardiology  Cardiology – is the study of the heart and the diseases associated with it Functions of the Circulatory System

4. Regents Biology 1. Blood 2. Heart 3. Blood Vessels Anatomy of the Circulatory System

5. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System Blood

6. Regents Biology Blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid called plasma. WHY!!!! The study of blood, blood-forming, and the disorders of blood is known as hematology What is Blood?

7. Regents Biology 1. Transport - O2, hormones, nutrients, and CO2 throughout the body 2. Defense – against infections, bacteria, viruses, blood clotting, and antibodies 3. Regulation (homeostasis) – 1. Body temperature 2. Salts and plasma proteins 14-2 Function of Blood

8. Regents Biology How much blood does an average human have? About 5 liters.  varies with  body size  changes in fluid concentration  changes in electrolyte concentration  amount of adipose tissue (fat) 14-3 Blood Volume

9. Regents Biology Blood & blood cells  Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells  plasma (55% of volume)  fluid  dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more  cells (45% of volume)  red blood cells (RBC)  transport O 2 in hemoglobin  white blood cells (WBC)  defense & immunity  platelets  blood clotting

10. Regents Biology 14-4 Blood Compostion

11. Regents Biology Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis  Stem cells  “parent” cells in bone marrow  differentiate into many different types of cells white blood cells red blood cells white blood cells

12. Regents Biology Types of Blood Cells 1. Red Blood Cells 2. White Blood Cells 3. Platelets

13. Regents Biology Red blood cells  Small round cells  produced in bone marrow  lose nuclei & mitochondria  more space for hemoglobin  iron-containing protein that transports O 2  last 3-4 months (120 days)  filtered out by liver  ~3 million RBC destroyed each second

14. Regents Biology Hemoglobin  Protein which carries O 2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2

15. Regents Biology Red blood cell production  5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood  5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC  produce ~3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost  each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin

16. Regents Biology Blood clotting fibrin protein fibers build clot emergency repair of circulatory system platelets seal the hole chemical emergency signals

17. Regents Biology leukocytes protect against disease granulocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils agranulocytes lymphocytes monocytes 14-12 White Blood Cells Two Types of WBC

18. Regents Biology Neutrophils first to arrive at infections elevated in bacterial infections 14-13

19. Regents Biology Basophils deep blue granules is basic stain release histamine release heparin 14-14

20. Regents Biology Eosinophils elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions 14-15

21. Regents Biology Monocytes largest blood cell elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis 14-16

22. Regents Biology Lymphocytes T cells important in immunity produce antibodies decreased T Cells in AIDS 14-17

23. Regents Biology thrombocytes helps control blood loss from broken vessels are produced at a rate of 2 billion per day no nucleus and only last 10 days 14-20 Blood Platlets

24. Regents Biology a clear, yellow liquid, composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, and many more substances 55% of blood – 92% water Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as sites of metabolic reactions 14-21 Blood Plasma

25. Regents Biology  There are antigens present on the cell membrane surface of our RBC’s.  Antigen  Antigen – a protein that stimulates the immune system to produce anti-bodies.  Antibody  Antibody - A protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or a toxin  Our plasma contains these antibodies that are against the antigens  If the RBC’s antigen and the plasma antibody are the same, the serious condition of hemolysis (bursting) of Rbc ‘s will occur. Blood Typing

26. Regents Biology  Inherited trait  Determined by the antigens of a person’s RBC’s 4 Types 1. Type A 1. Type A – antigen A on rbc 2. Type B 2. Type B – antigen B on the rbc 3. Type AB 3. Type AB – both anitgen A and B on rbc 4. Type O 4. Type O – neither A or B antigen on rbc ABO Blood Typing

27. Regents Biology  Shortly after birth, our bodies develop antibodies against the RBC antigens Antibodies formed include o Person with Type A o Person with Type A – develop Anti B antibodies o Person with Type B o Person with Type B – develop Anti A antibodies o Person with Type AB o Person with Type AB – do not develop A or B antibodies o Person with Type O o Person with Type O – develop both Anti – A and B antibodies. ABO Blood Typing

28. Regents Biology 14-33 ABO Blood Group

29. Regents Biology Blood Typing Lab!

30. Regents Biology  Blood Transfusion  Blood Transfusion – is the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another.  In order for transfusions to be done safely, it is necessary for the blood to be typed to prevent agglutination.  Agglutination  Agglutination – clumping of red blood cells Blood Typing and Transfusions

31. Regents Biology Agglutination 14-34

32. Regents Biology BLOOD TYPE A B AB O Antigen on rbc’sABA and Bneither A or B Antibodies in plasma BAneither A or B both A and B Compatible donorsA, OB, OAB, A, B, OO Incompatible donors B, ABA, ABNONEA, B, AB

33. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System The Heart

34. Regents Biology posterior to sternum medial to lungs anterior to vertebral column base lies beneath 2 nd rib apex at 5 th intercostal space lies upon diaphragm 15-3 Location of the Heart

35. Regents Biology  Pumps blood to all the blood vessels; to all the cells of the body.  Is covered by a protective sac called pericardium.  The heart is divided into right and left sides by the interventricular septum.  Each side consists of an atria and ventricle. Structure and Function of the Heart

36. Regents Biology  Supplies in  fuel (sugars)  digestive system  oxygen  respiratory system  Waste out  CO 2  respiratory system  Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body  circulatory system Feeding the Need for Energy

37. Regents Biology Circulatory system  Made up of 3 parts  organ  heart  tissues & cells  blood  red blood cells  blood vessels (vascular system)  arteries  veins  capillaries

38. Regents Biology Circulatory systems  All animals have:  muscular pump = heart  tubes = blood vessels  circulatory fluid = “blood” openclosed hemolymphblood

39. Regents Biology Vertebrate Heart  4-Chambered heart  atria (atrium)  thin wall  collection chamber  receive blood  ventricles  thick wall pump  pump blood out right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle

40. Regents Biology AV SL AV Heart valves  4 valves in the heart  flaps of connective tissue  prevent backflow  Atrioventricular (AV) valve  between atrium & ventricle  keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles pump  “lub”  Semilunar valves  between ventricle & arteries  prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles  “dub”

41. Regents Biology fibrous rings to which the heart valves are attached 15-10 Valves of the Heart

42. Regents Biology AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub  Heart sounds  closing of valves  “Lub”  force blood against closed AV valves  “Dub”  force of blood against semilunar valves  Heart murmur  leaking valve causes hissing sound  blood squirts backward through valve

43. Regents Biology Cardiac cycle  1 complete sequence of pumping  heart contracts & pumps  heart relaxes & chambers fill  contraction phase  systole  ventricles pumps blood out  relaxation phase  diastole  atria refill with blood

44. Regents Biology Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries  heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses  signal also transmitted to skin = EKG

45. Regents Biology recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses P wave – atria’s contract QRS wave – ventricle's contract T wave – ventricular repolarization (recharge) 15-24 Electrocardiogram

46. Regents Biology 15-25 Electrocardiogram

47. Regents Biology 15-25 Electrocardiogram

48. Regents Biology 15-27

49. Regents Biology A prolonged QRS complex may result from damage to the A-V bundle fibers 15-26 Electrocardiogram

50. Regents Biology 1.Normal Sinus 2.Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) 3.Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) 4.Asystole 15-26 Rhythms of the Heart

51. Regents Biology pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) Cardiac Cycle How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? chambers fill ventricles fill ventricles pump systolic ________ diastolic 110 ________ 80

52. Regents Biology Measurement of blood pressure hypertension = (high blood pressure) if systolic > 150 or if diastolic > 90

53. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??

54. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System Blood Vessels

55. Regents Biology

56. Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins

57. Regents Biology Arteries: Built for their job  Arteries  blood flows away from heart  thicker walls  provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood  elastic & stretchable  maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes

58. Regents Biology Major arteries pulmonary artery pulmonary artery = to lungs aorta carotid = to head to brain & left arm to right arm coronary arteries to body

59. Regents Biology Veins: Built for their job  Veins  blood returns back to heart  thinner-walled  blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure  why low pressure?  far from heart  blood flows because muscles contract when we move  squeeze blood through veins  valves in large veins  in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve

60. Regents Biology Major Veins pulmonary vein = from lung superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary vein = from lung inferior vena cava = from lower body

61. Regents Biology Structure-function relationship  Capillaries  very thin walls  allows exchange of materials across capillary

62. Regents Biology Controlling blood flow to tissues  Capillary function  exchange between blood & tissues  O 2, CO 2, H 2 O, food, waste  blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincter valves pre-capillary sphincters openpre-capillary sphincters closed

63. Regents Biology Capillary Beds  Blood flow  at any given time, only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them  supply varies as blood is needed  after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases  during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles  capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity Why?

64. Regents Biology Circulation of Blood  2 part system  Circulation to lungs  blood gets O 2 from lungs  brings O 2 -rich blood back to heart  Circulation to body  pumps O 2 -rich blood to body  picks up nutrients from digestive system  brings CO 2 & cell wastes from body to heart heart lungs body Circulation to lungs Circulation to body

65. Regents Biology Vertebrate circulatory system heart lungs body  2 part system artery to body artery to lungs vein from lungs to heart vein from body to heart

66. Regents Biology Stops along the way…  Lungs  pick up O 2 / clean out CO 2  Small Intestines  pick up nutrients from digested food  Large Intestines  pick up water from digested food  Liver  clean out worn out blood cells

67. Regents Biology More stops along the way…  Kidneys  filters out wastes (urea)  excess salts, sugars & water  Bone  picks up new red blood cells  Spleen  picks up new white blood cells

68. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??

69. Regents Biology Cardiovascular disease  Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis  deposits inside arteries (plaques)  develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel  increase blood pressure  increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal arteryhardening of arteries

70. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health  Genetic effects  Diet  diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease  Exercise & lifestyle  smoking & lack of exercise increases risk of CV disease bypass surgery

71. Regents Biology Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001) Heart Disease 696,947 Cancer 557,271 Stroke 162,672 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742 Diabetes 73,249 Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681 Alzheimer's disease 58,866 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis 40,974 Septicemia 33,865

72. Regents Biology Heart Disease Heart disease death rates 1996-2002 Adults ages 35 and older

73. Regents Biology Women & Heart Disease  Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Risk factors  Smoking  Lack of exercise  High fat diet  Overweight Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

74. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??

75. Regents Biology Lymphatic system  Parallel circulatory system  transports WBC  defending against infection  collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood  maintains volume & protein concentration of blood  drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium  transports fats from digestive system to circulatory system

76. Regents Biology Lymph System

77. Regents Biology Thermoregulation Vasoconstriction Vasodilation  Vasodilation & vasoconstriction  adjusts blood flow  evaporative cooling

78. Regents Biology Counter Current Exchange Cold blood Warm blood Capillary bed Veins 5˚C temperature of environment 36˚C core body temperature Artery blood from arteries warms blood in veins

79. Regents Biology Coronary arteries bypass surgery

80. Regents Biology Simpler organisms When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion  all cells within easy reach of fluid Hydra Jellyfish