1. Cotton Production and Processing Laboratory Lubbock, TX & Cotton Incorporated Researcher Mathew G. Pelletier

2. Research Goal Development of accurate bale moisture sensing. Focus on issues relevant to wet bales

3. Adding moisture reduces bale packing forces. This effect minimizes the number of repair cycles required to maintain the bale press. Adding moisture also adds weight back to bale, so there’s also an economic incentive for moisture restoration. Moisture Restoration before the Bale Press

4. Excess Bale Moisture in storage Causes Change in Color Grade 01364

5. New CC Loan rules dictate all bales must be certified by the gin to contain less than 7.5% M.C. at ANY point in the bale.

6. Moisture Sensing Technologies Resistance sensors (bale probes, bale-press) Capacitance roller conveyor Infrared (top 1mm of surface only) Microwave through transmission (2 types) –Signal absorbance (Vomax, Malcalm) –Signal propagation time (USDA-ARS; Pelletier)

7. Current industry standard for testing bale moisture is By hand-held resistance sensors. How accurate are they really for use with wet cotton bales?

8. To test the accuracy of the hand- held sensors; A nation-wide test was conducted by all 3 of USDA-ARS cotton gin labs

9. Hand-held Resistance Sensors for Bale Moisture Measurement

13. How well do the meters agree to each other?

15. What are the error sources?

16. Within-Bale Moisture Variation for very wet bale

17. Low MHz Frequency Roller Conveyor Capacitance Sensor

18. Surface Sensors can’t detect interior moisture

19. How to detect interior wet spots per FSA/CC mandate?

20. Disadvantages of current microwave moisture sensors Modern Microwave systems average moisture over large sensing areas. The large sampling volume dilutes or misses localized high moisture areas

21. Experimental USDA-ARS Microwave Sensor for bale moisture

22. Sensing of local moisture variability critical for wet bale moisture determination Experimental Lubbock Gin Lab Microwave Imaging system in development to sense internal wettest spot in bale.

23. Impulse response of microwave imager

24. Microwave Pencil Beam Imaging Can Resolve Interior Moisture

25. Advantages to Pencil Beam Microwave Imaging Ability to measure wettest spot in bale per new 2006 FSA CC Regulations Local moisture as well as large sample estimation of moisture available through full bale scanning

26. With what accuracy can the new microwave imaging technique perform quantitative analysis? To test accuracy; the microwave imager was tested on a set of known permittivitty standards (traceable to NIST labs).

30. Controlled Testing of Microwave Imager on Mini-Cotton bales Goals: Verify new Imaging System has comparable accuracy to standard microwave sensors. Establish cotton bale’s true permittivity for creation of a standard linkage by which all future sensors and cotton bale-moisture can be traced to NIST Laboratory measurements.

33. Conclusion Wet bales exhibit extreme amounts of local variability. A suitable sensing system for moisture restoration systems must be able to sense local variability and control to the wettest spot in the bale; not the average. New USDA-ARS Microwave Imager shows promise for detection of local moisture variability in addition to average bale moisture

34. Bale Moisture Sensors must be able to Resolve Interior Spot Moisture, Not just Surface or Average Moisture