1. Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
Cover Slide
The American Pageant
Chapter 28
Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt,
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2. PROGRESSIVISM vs. POPULISM
How are they different?
- historical setting
- aims
- membership
- success

3. ROOTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVISM
Populism
“Strengthen the State”
Rise of Welfare State as concept
Threat of socialism
Problems with urbanization/industrialization
Muckrakers
Alliance b/w business and politics

4. Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910
"Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress)
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5. Breaker Boys and Headline
The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress)
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6. Textile worker
Textile worker
Young children like this one were often used in the textile mills because their small fingers could tie together broken threads more easily than those of adults. (Library of Congress)
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7. Poor neighborhood, Philadelphia, 1915
Scenes like this in the immigrant wards of America's great cities stirred middle-class reformers to action at the turn of the century. (Philadelphia City Archives)
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8. Library of Congress
Family in an attic home with drying laundry].
CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1900 and 1910]
NOTES title devised by cataloger.
Photograph of a photographic print.
Possibly immigrants.
Detroit Publishing Co. no. P 512.
Gift; State Historical Society of Colorado; 1949

9. The Tenement Question--Inside and Out!
Many city dwellers, especially immigrants, typically lived in tenements that were crowded and unsanitary. (Library of Congress)
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10. PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
“initiative”
“referendum”
“recall”
Primary elections
Secret ballots
Seventeenth Amendment (1913) –direct election of Senators
Women’s suffrage
Public control of utilities/city management

11. La Follette's autobiography; a personal narrative of political experiences, by Robert M. La Follette ...
How has it been possible that both the people of Wisconsin and the investors in public utilities have been so greatly benefited by this regulation? Simply because the regulation is scientific . The Railroad Commission has found out through its engineers, accountants, and statisticians what it actually costs to build and operate the road and utilities. Watered stock and balloon bonds get no consideration. On the other hand, since the commission knows the costs, it knows exactly the point below which rates cannot be reduced. It even raises rates when they are below the cost, including reasonable profit.
The people are benefited because they are not now paying profits on inflated capital. The investors are benefited because the commission has all the facts needed to prevent a reduction of rates below a fair profit on their true value. So honestly, capably, and scientifically has the work of our commission been done that the railroads and other utility corporations have accepted their reductions without any contest at all

12. Suffrage parade
Suffrage parade
Suffrage leaders built support for the cause by using modern advertising and publicity techniques, including automobiles festooned with flags, bunting, banners, posters, and--in this case--smiling little girls. (Library of Congress)
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13. The Awakening
The Awakening
This cartoon, entitled "The Awakening," shows a western woman, draped in a golden robe, bringing the torch of woman suffrage from the western states that had adopted suffrage to enlighten the darkness of the eastern states that had not done so. In the dark eastern states, women eagerly reach toward the light from the west. Yellow had become closely associated with the suffrage movement, and western suffrage advocates often depicted suffrage as a woman in a golden robe. (Library of Congress)
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14. PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
= Prohibition of Alcohol
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement, Frances E. Willard
“Blue” and “dry” laws

15. Photograph from The White Slave Hell
In addition to crusading against drunkenness, moral reformers stirred up emotions over accusations that evil men were seducing innocent young women into prostitution--or white slavery, as it was called. In this posed photograph printed in a 1910 antivice publication, The White Slave Hell: or, With Christ at Midnight in the Slums of Chicago, the man supposedly has gotten the woman drunk and is about to lure her into a life of sin. (Collection of Perry R. Duis, from The Saloon)
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16. PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Workmen’s Compensation
Maximum hours
Minimum wage
Muller v. Oregon (1908) – protection for women in workplace
Shirtwaist Fire (1911) – catalyst for reform

17. Socialists parade
Socialists parade
Though their objectives sometimes differed from those of middle-class Progressive reformers, socialists also became a more active force in the early twentieth century. Socialist parades on May Day, such as this one in 1910, were meant to express the solidarity of all working people. (Library of Congress)
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18. The Masses cover, 1912
The Masses cover, 1912
This socialist publication, edited in New York's Greenwich Village, denounced the abuses of capitalism, including child labor. (Library of Congress)
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19. Yard of tenement at Park Place
(Library of Congress)
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20. CONTEXT When did Roosevelt become President?
What was going on in the US at the time?
What was going on in the world at the time?
Are there any parallels today?

21. ROOSEVELT THE MAN What was Roosevelt’s background? Education?
Personality?
Experience prior to becoming President?

22. ROOSEVELT AT HOME What was Roosevelt’s position re: Progressivism?
“Square Deal”
Arbitrates the 1902 Coal Strike
Threatened to assume control of mines
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Govt. did not automatically back big business
Dept. of Commerce and Labor (1903)
“trust-busting”

23. Anthracite Coal Strike
Pullman Strike
Anthracite Coal Strike
of 1902

24. Theodore Roosevelt cartoon "A nauseating job, but it must be done"
Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking. (Utica Saturday Globe)
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25. Stamp--"US Inspected and Condemned"
Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking, including a stamp such as the one shown here for condemned meat. (Chicago Historical Society)
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26. Report of the National conservation commission. February, 1909
Report of the National conservation commission. February, Special message from the President of the United States transmitting a report of the National Conservation commission, with accompanying papers ... Ed. under the direction of the Ex SPECIAL MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT TRANSMITTING THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION COMMISSION
The underlying principle of conservation has been described as the application of common sense to common problems for the common good. If the description is correct, then conservation is the great fundamental basis for national efficiency. In this stage of the world's history, to be fearless, to be just, and to be efficient are the three great requirements of national life. National efficiency is the result of natural resources well handled, of freedom of opportunity for every man, and of the inherent capacity, trained ability, knowledge, and will, collectively and individually, to use that opportunity.

27. ROOSEVELT THE REFORMER
“Good” vs. “Bad” Trusts
- ex. Railroad and Beef trusts were “bad”
Sinclair’s The Jungle –catalyst for reform
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Newlands Act of 1902
Environmental Conservationism
Did Roosevelt show more restraint than reform?

28. Patent medicine
Patent medicine
Makers of unregulated patent medicines advertised exorbitant results from using their products. This ad, while warning against "fraudulent claims," asserts that a wide belt can cure a variety of ailments. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 did not ban such products but tried to prevent manufacturers from making such unsubstantiated statements. (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
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29. Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot
The two friends and allies in the conservation cause aboard the steamboat Mississippi on a 1907 tour with the Inland Waterways Commission. (Library of Congress)
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30. Theodore Roosevelt with John Muir at Yosemite, 1903
In 1903, at Yosemite National Park, Theodore Roosevelt met with John Muir, a leading advocate for the preservation of wilderness. While Roosevelt made important contributions to the preservation of parks and wildlife refuges, he was more interested in the careful management of national resources, including federal lands. (Yosemite Museum)
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31. Roosevelt and Imperialism
What were Roosevelt’s major acts of foreign policy?
Panama “revolution” from Colombia Nov. 1903
US Navy supports the “revolution”
Panama Canal built ( , $400 million)
US granted Canal Zone (10 mile strip)
“Big Stick” Diplomacy or “Cowboy diplomacy?”

32. Roosevelt’s Second Term
Roosevelt re-elected in 1904
Looses support from w/in party b/c of “progressive” rhetoric
Lame-duck = decline in power
Blamed for Panic of 1907
HOW DOES HISTORY
JUDGE TR’s PRESIDENCY?

34. Postcard with Taft cartoon
This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it. With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt. (Collection of Janice L. and David J. Frent)
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35. Election of 1908 TR anoints Taft as successor
Taft (Republican) v. Bryan (Democrat)
Voters endorse status quo: Taft wins 321 to 162

37. President Taft (1908)

38. Pres. Taft (1908-1912) SCORECARD: Not as popular as TR
Fails to unite wings of Republican party-splits it!
“dollar diplomacy”
Interventions in Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (13 years in Nicaragua!)
Over 90 anti-trust actions, including against Standard Oil and US Steel
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill controversy