1. Unit 8 Ch.26

2. GI Bill Government paid for college Low-interest, government-backed loans for homes and businesses Baby Boom 50 million babies born between 1945-1960 Suburban Growth Families that could afford it began to leave the cities Large cities became increasingly poor and racially divided Sunbelt Families flocked to states in the south from Florida to California lured by good climate, low tax rates, and jobs

10. Truman attempted to continue in the new Deal tradition Conservative Congress and the Cold War impeded his efforts Employment Act (1946) A watered-down version of an original bill urged by Truman Created Council of Economic Advisors

11. Inflation and Strikes Price controls were relaxed by congress which resulted in 25% inflation Wages did not move as quickly as inflation so 4.5 million workers went on strike in 1946 Truman had U.S. troops seize industries vital to national security until the strikes were called off Civil Rights Committee on Civil Rights Strengthened civil rights division in Department of Justice Prohibited racial discrimination in the military and federal government

17. Twenty-Second Amendment (1951) Limited the president to two terms Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Outlawed closed shop Permitted right-to-work laws Outlawed secondary boycotts President could invoke 80-day cooling-off period

18. Democrats-Harry Truman Republicans-Thomas Dewey Progressive Party (lib dems)-Henry Wallace Southern Democrats (Dixiecrats)- Strom Thurmond Results Truman wins despite widespread predictions that he would lose Fair Deal National health care, federal education aid, funds for public housing, farm program Most defeated because of conservative Congress and the Cold War

22. Allies in World War II Alliance of convenience Postwar cooperation United Nations World Bank Nuremberg Trials Satellite states Soviet troops remained an occupation force in Eastern Europe U.S.S.R manipulated elections to bring communists to power claiming the need for a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany

26. Occupation zones Germany was divided into four occupation zones Berlin was also divided into four zones (in Soviet zones) The Soviet zone would eventually become a separate nation (German Democratic Republic) Iron Curtain Term used to describe Soviet control over Eastern Europe Churchill’s iron curtain speech called on the Western democracies to stop the expansion of communism

31. Containment policy Limit the spread of communism to areas in which it already exists George Marshall, Dean Acheson, George Kennan Truman Doctrine Provide economic and military aid to those who oppose communism Marshall Plan European recovery plan which provided over $12 billion in aid Soviets and Eastern Europeans were offered aid but refused it

33. Soviets tried to force allies to leave Berlin by cutting off all road traffic into their zones of the city Truman responded by flying supplies to the people of west Berlin The blockade lasted for 11-months Long-term result was the division of Germany into two nations

37. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance established in 1949 for mutual defense U.S troops were stationed in Europe as a deterrent to Soviet invasion Warsaw Pact (1955) Soviet response to NATO National Security Act (1947) Created Department of Defense (replaced Dep. of War) National security council Central Intelligence Agency

38. Atomic Weapons Soviets tested first A- bomb in 1949 U.S. developed the hydrogen bomb by 1952

39. Japan U.S military occupation run by General Douglas MacArthur Parliamentary democracy Article 9 of the constitution outlawed war Philippines Independent on July4, 1946 U.S retained military bases

42. Chinese Civil War Resumed after WWII Nationalists (Kuomintang) led by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jie-Shi) were given aid by the United States Communists led by Mao Zedong were more popular among the Chinese people By 1949, all of mainland China was under communist control and the nationalists had fled to Formosa(Taiwan) 1950 Sino-Soviet pact signed

44. Invasion June 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea UN Security council authorized a force to stop the North Counterattack UN and south Korean troops were losing at first MacArthur counterattacked and got close to China’s border The Chinese sent in troops and drove UN forces out of North Korea

46. Truman vs. MacArthur MacArthur wanted to expand fighting to China but Truman did not want to MacArthur publically criticized Truman and was subsequently fired for insubordination in 1951 Armistice Signed in 1953 Border set at 38th parallel Political Consequences Containment worked Truman and Democrats attacked as soft on communism

47. Smith Act (1940) Illegal to belong to an organization that advocated the overthrow of the U.S. government McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Unlawful to advocate for totalitarian government Created detention camps for subversives House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Activated to seek out communists within the government and influence in organizations

50. Hiss Case Alger Hiss was a member of the State Department and was accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a communist and passing secrets to the Soviets Hiss denied it but was later convicted of perjury and sentenced to 10 years Rosenberg Case Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty of treason and executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage Julius had recruited Ethel and her brother David to pass nuclear secrets to the Soviets

51. Joseph McCarthy Republican senator from Wisconsin Used communist scare to get elected and gain national attention Tactics Repeated accusations of which he had no evidence He was not denounced for fear of being accused Hoping to discredit the Truman administration Hearings Televised hearings in 1954 exposed McCarthy for being a bully and reckless with his accusations McCarthy never found a single communist