1. Poudre Valley School District Professional Development Elementary Economics (and a little PFL) June 10, 2015 Marc Johnson Education Program Director Colorado Council for Economic Education mjohnson@ccee.netmjohnson@ccee.net303-752-2323

2. Not one more thing!

3. Not only are you supposed to teach PFL & Economics… It can be enjoyable and rewarding!

4. As best I can, I’ll use the KISS approach…

5. Economics Content Area: Social Studies (4 standards) –History, Geography, Economics, Civics –For each grade level, P-8: –One GLE in Economics –One GLE in Personal Financial Literacy (PFL) Economics & PFL integrate well

6. Concepts (technical vocabulary) –Wants / Needs –The economic trilogy scarcity, choice & cost –Incentives positive negative –Goods & services –Productive resources natural, human, capital, entrepreneurship Presentation Objectives for Economics

7. Concepts are universal Across space… …to the world, Mexico, Colorado, Denver or your classroom! Across time… …to the present, past or future!

8. Let’s Get Started!

9. When I ask ANY group what economics is all about they invariably say… MONEY

10. When I ask ANY group what economics is all about they invariably say… OR, they cite economic statistics: CO is the 2 nd largest aerospace employer in the US, behind CA. Median per capita income in CO in 2013 was $58,823 (US figure: $52,250). Colorado’s unemployment rate in December, 2014 was 4%.

11. No economist likes those answers… Let’s start with some fundamental assumptions of the academic discipline of economics… Economics is NOT about money or data.

12. Wants & Needs CO Academic Standards make this distinction: “Identify the difference between personal wants and needs.” “Give examples of the difference between something you want versus something you need.” An economist’s reaction And here’s why…

13. What do you need to survive – the minimum? We’re talking mere existence and basic survival.

14. In the context of life in the 21 st century in an affluent society – what do you need to survive?

15. The distinctions between needs and wants become blurred. So, economists simply use one category – Wants – and make distinctions about how much we want something… and posit that our wants are unlimited. So, what’s the problem?

16. A Gift from CCEE Who would like this ultimate economics & PFL resource? Wants: ______ Available: 1 THE economic problem? Scarcity

17. Wants > Availability –or, Unlimited wants > Limited resources

18. Scarcity  Choice Economics is: – the study of choice

19. Scarcity necessitates choice –people must choose The Economic Way of Thinking: Key Concept

20. Scarcity  Choice  Trade-offs

21. A World of Choice Grand Slam? Marry the little red- haired girl?

22. Daily, Small Choices Should I go to the library today? Should I go hiking today? Maybe go shopping at the mall?

23. Big, Strategic Decisions Should I go to college? Should I work instead of college?

24. We All Confront Choice A school teacher? A business person?

25. Develop a Decision-Making Framework for Students Help make decisions – by learning a process for more careful choice

26. Decision-Making Model Define the Problem –outcome to be achieved List the Alternatives –ways to achieve the outcome State the Criteria –standards to judge alternatives Evaluate the Alternatives –apply criteria to each alternative Make a Decision –select best alternative

27. Decision-Making Model Define the Problem List the Alternatives State the Criteria Evaluate the Alternatives Make a Decision PACED

28. PACED Example My wife and I decide on restaurant for dinner …

29. Where to Go for Dinner? How about Venice restaurant? How about Shanahan’s restaurant?

30. Problem: What Restaurant for Dinner? Shah Ajuaa’s Venice Food quality Menu choice Drive Time QuietCost + 0 --+ +- + 0 + +-+ 00 +2 0 +1 0 = average+ = above average- = below average Criteria Alternatives What factors are important to you in making this decision? Used to rank one alterative as “better” than another. Shanahans

31. Problem: Choose a Car to Purchase Alternatives Criteria Greatest value is not in the specific answer, but in the process of identifying important factors. What factors are important to you in making this decision? Used to rank one alterative as “better” than another.

32. Candy Bar Activity One Volunteer, please? Opportunity lost  opportunity cost –Value of the best foregone alternative –“Choosing is refusing” –choose A, refuse B – »cost of A is value of B

33. The Dismal Science! There’s no such thing as a free lunch! TNSTAAFL

34. Choice involves cost » opportunity cost The Economic Way of Thinking: Key Concept

35. Sample question from Grade 4 Social Studies Practice Test Type your response in the box. Read the paragraph. What should the student do? Explain what her opportunity cost will be and why. A student is trying to decide whether to go roller skating, practice soccer, or read a book today. She has time to do only one activity. She went roller skating yesterday, she has an important soccer game tomorrow, and the book is a new one by her favorite author.

36. Opportunity Cost Examples Cost of coming to this workshop today? –Value of next best foregone alternative joy spending day with family or friends Cost of using frequent flyer miles to fly to Las Vegas? –Value of using frequent flyer miles to fly to Miami A student’s cost of going to a movie with friends? –$8.00 movie ticket price –$2.00 transport (gas, etc.) –$20.00 babysitting earnings given up Explicit Implicit

37. Since Scarcity Requires Choice … and since choice involves cost Why choose it? Assume that: –People choose X if: B(X) > C(X); – otherwise, not where : B(X) ≡ benefit of choice X C(X) ≡ cost of choice X B(X)C(X)

38. Play It Again, Sam Raise the cost –if C(X) > B(X), choose another bar

39. s People respond to incentives The Economic Way of Thinking: Key Concept

40. Are You Willing… … to be a police person? –For: $20,000 per year? $40,000 per year? $60,000 per year? $80,000 per year? $160,000 per year? $320,000 per year?

41. Practice – Identify Incentives 1.Why do some students want good grades? 2.What makes you want to be a good teacher? 3.What makes a company want to build a ski resort? 4.What made Colorado Territory want to become a state?

42. Intended Consequences If people respond to incentives... – then behavior can be altered in desired or intended ways –For example …

43. The Camel Race s Two Bedouins met in the desert, and fell into an argument over their camels, each claiming that his was the slowest, “stubbornest,” most useless camel in all of Arabia. s The argument ended in a bet. They agreed to race to the oasis, two miles away, whichever camel arrived last would be proved slowest, and his owner would win ten dirham from the other.

44. Camel Race continued s... They got on their camels, and set off slowly toward the oasis. More slowly, still more slowly. After a while, it became clear that since each Bedouin was trying to win the bet, they were never going to make it to the oasis. s... After a while, a wise sheik rode up on a donkey and asked them why they and their camels were standing still, in the middle of the desert, on a hot day, with the oasis less than two miles away.

45. The Camel Race continued s They got off their camels, and all three sat down in the shade of a rock while the two Bedouins explained about their bet. s The wise sheik whispered two words to them. The Bedouins immediately jumped on the camels and rode off as fast as they could towards the oasis.  What were the 2 words? ________ _________ Switch camels! The Treasury, Petra, Jordan

46. Consequences s People respond to incentives causing  intended consequences, and  unintended consequences  which can offset the intended benefits

47. The Tax Man Cometh April 15, 1987... –IRS rule change: Instead of merely listing each dependent child, tax filers required to provide Social Security number. Result? 7 million children disappeared

48. Key Concept, Once Again s People respond to incentives  …and the rest is commentary  Armchair Economist Stephen Landsberg  Freakonomics & Super Freakonomics Steven Levitt

49. Productive Resources Focus: Grades 3-5 Economics Lesson 1 Rolling for Resources

50. Goods and Services Goods Things that can satisfy people’s wants. A car A house A dish of ice cream An i-pod Other goods…

51. Goods and Services Services Activities that can satisfy people’s wants. Dentistry (a dentist checking your teeth) Selling you a car (car sales person) Babysitting (babysitter) Playing professional football (professional athlete) Other services…

52. Where do goods and services come from? Think of a good…like a house. What do you need to produce or build a house? Lumber Nails Saws Carpenters Roofers Economists call all of these “resources”. There are three kinds of resources.

53. Human Resources Human resources are people who work to produce a good or service. Examples: Truck driver Plumber Teacher Nurse Can you name others?

54. Natural Resources Natural resources are things that occur naturally in the world and can be used to produce a good or service. Examples: granite natural gas deer water gold Can you think of others?

55. Capital Resources Capital resources are goods produced and used to make other goods and services. Examples: an office building a copy machine pots & pans a tractor a projector in school Can you name any more?

56. Human, Natural & Capital Resources

57. Practice... What productive resources are necessary to produce a haircut? Comb, brush, razor, clippers, electricity, scissors Hair stylist, receptionist Water

58. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES Each group displays all its resource cards face-up. Make certain the cards are scattered slightly so that each resource card is visible. To “win” the individual game, a student must be the first to collect a human resource card, a natural resource card and a capital resource card. To win the group game, all members of the group must have all cards; first group to finish wins.

59. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES The resource cards have dots on the back that match the dots for each type of resource on the die (human resources – one dot; natural resources – two dots; capital resources – three dots). Students will take turns rolling the die. Begin with the youngest student in the group. After that, play will move to the left.

60. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES If the die lands on “natural resources,” the student should find a natural resource card from the resource cards. If the die lands on “human resource,” the student should find a human resource card from the resource cards. If the die lands on “capital resource,” the student should find a capital resource card from the resource cards.

61. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES If a student selects the correct resource card, the number on the back of the card will match the number of dots for the type of resource on the die. If a student selects a correct resource card from all the resource cards, he or she may keep the card and his or her turn is over.

62. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES If the card selected isn’t a correct example of the resource displayed on the die, the student must put the card back in the pile and wait for his or her next turn. If a student rolls the die and it lands on a resource for which he or she already has a card, he or she may roll a second time. If the die again lands on a type of resource for which he or she already has a card, he or she must wait until his or her next turn.

63. A Game: Rolling for Resources RULES The game is played until each student in the group has correctly selected cards for each type of resource.

64. When groups have finished… Each group member gets a copy of Activity 1.3. Identify the resource cards you selected during the game by writing the resource name in the correct space in Activity 1.3. In the box next to each type of resource on Activity 1.3, write a sentence containing the name of this good or service and draw a picture of the good or service. Display completed 1.3 around the room.

65. Discussion Why do people use productive resources? Name one of the three kinds of productive resources. What are natural resources? Give some examples of natural resources. What are human resources? Give some examples of human resources.

66. Discussion What are capital resources? Give some examples of capital resources. What are some human resources needed to build a house? What are some capital resources needed to build a house? What are some natural resources needed to build a house?

67. Assessment Activity 1.4

68. Did we achieve our objectives? Concepts (technical vocabulary) –The economic trilogy scarcity, choice & cost –Incentives positive negative –Goods & services –Productive resources natural, human, capital, entrepreneurship

69. For Whom? Rationing Device Lottery First come Market/Price Command/Planner Force Share Need Market Economy or Command Economy? Two Primary Mechanisms Observed in World? Let’s vote on the one we want to use for the souvenir.

70. What’s PFL really about? Earning Income Buying Goods & Services Saving Using Credit Financial Investing Protecting and Insuring The Big Three (in elementary) “risk” an add- on in 4 th grade

71. Let’s take one at a time…

72. Earning Income For most of us – income is wages for our labor Other sources of income– interest dividends rent capital gains profit What’s best for elementary kids to explore? K-2? 3-5?

73. Earning Income continued Young folks get their income from… allowance family or neighborhood jobs gifts other?

74. Earning Income continued What students should know and be able to do… 1.People earn an income when they are hired by an employer to do a job. 1.Explain why employers are willing to pay people to do their work. 2. People have many different types of jobs from which to choose. Different jobs require people to have different skills. 2. Make a list of different types of jobs and describe the different skills associated with each job.

75. Earning Income continued 3. Workers are paid for their labor in different ways, such as wages, salaries or commissions. 3. Explain how a waitress, a teacher and a realtor are paid. 4. Income from working is taxed. The revenue from these taxes is used to pay for government-provided goods and services 4. Describe examples of government-provided goods and services that are paid for with taxes.

76. Earning Income continued MAYBE upper elementary…get into other sources of income…interest, dividends, rent, capital gains and profit, as appropriate for your students and their grade level. Follow-up questions:  What type of work do you want to do when you grow up?  How do you get prepared for your desired career or job?  How can you increase your work income and job opportunities?

77. Buying Goods and Services We can’t buy or make all the goods and services we want. Not enough time, not enough skill, not enough money. So, we have to CHOOSE to buy some goods and services and not others. We have to THINK about spending – by setting goals, gathering information, planning and budgeting.

78. Buying Goods & Services continued What students should know and be able to do… 1. People make choices about what goods and services they buy because they can’t have everything they want. This requires individuals to prioritize their wants. 1. Create a list of goods and services that you want NOW. Assume you have $x.00. With that limited budget, rank what you want from most to least desired and justify their ranking.

79. Buying Goods & Services continued What students should know and be able to do … 2. Good decision making requires comparing the costs and benefits of spending alternatives. Costs are things that a decision maker gives up; benefits are things that a decision maker gains. 2. Compare the costs and benefits of buying a bicycle in two settings, rural and urban, and for different people, including a younger child, a teenager and a grandparent

80. Buying Goods & Services continued What students should know and be able to do… 3. Whenever people buy something, they incur an opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative that is given up when a person makes a choice. 3. Present an example of a buying choice a person made and identify the opportunity cost of that choice.

81. Buying Goods and Services continued Follow-up questions  What would you choose as a present for a parent, brother or sister?  What would you do with money received as a birthday gift? What is the opportunity cost of your choice?

82. Saving Saving is what is left of your income after taxes are paid and spending is done. Why might you want to save? Set it aside for future uses… A big item (bicycle, phone, clothes) A vacation A car, a home Your education Your retirement

83. Saving continued As with spending, you have to make CHOICES about how to save and how much to save. It’s a good idea to set goals and match your savings to achieve those goals.

84. Saving continued What students should know and be able to do… 1. Income is saved, spent on goods & services or used to pay taxes. 1. Explain the differences between saving and spending and give examples of each. 2. When people save money, they give up the opportunity to spend that money to buy things now in order to buy things later. 2. Describe what a person gives up when he or she deposits $20 into a savings account.

85. Saving continued What students should know and be able to do… 3. People can choose to save money in many places – at home, in a piggy bank, at a commercial bank, credit union or savings and loan. 3. Draw a picture identifying the different places where people can save their money.

86. Saving continued What students should know and be able to do… 4. People set savings goals as incentives to save. One savings goal might be to buy goods and services in the future. 4. Read a children’s book and identify a character’s savings goal and whether the character meets the savings goal. 5. A savings plan helps people reach their savings goals. 5. Select a savings goal and identify steps to take in order to reach that savings goal.

87. Saving continued What students should know and be able to do… 6. When people deposit money in into a bank (or other financial institution), the bank may pay them interest. Banks attract savings by paying interest. People also deposit money into banks because banks are safe places to keep their savings. 6. Describe the advantages of saving money in a savings account rather than putting the money into a piggy bank.

88. Saving continued Follow-up questions  Where do you choose to put your savings?  How can you save enough money to reach your savings goals?  How much should you save and how much should you spend?

89. Protecting and insuring (risk) Students should be aware of financial risk and learn that individuals can reduce that risk by altering their behavior to reduce the likelihood and size of a loss.

90. Risk continued… What students should know and be able to do… 1. Risk is the chance of loss or harm. 1. Give examples of the risk associated with activies such as riding a bicycle, using a skateboard or having a pet. 2. Risk from accidents and unexpected events is an unavoidable part of daily life. Write a newspaper article on an unexpected “bad” event such as a tornado, car accident, or illness, and describe the effect the event would have on individuals and their families.

91. Risk continued… What students should know and be able to do… 3. Individuals can either choose to accept risk or take steps to protect themselves by avoiding or reducing risk. 3. Draw a poster depicting an age-appropriate activity (e.g., owning and riding a bicycle) that illustrates how to avoid risk of harm or loss (not riding the bike) or how to reduce the chance of a bad event (riding in a safe manner) and potential harm if the bad even happens (wearing a bike helmet).

92. Risk continued… What students should know and be able to do… 4. One method to cope with unexpected losses is to save for emergencies. 4. Give examples of events for which emergency savings could offset financial losses.

93. Risk continued… Follow-up question  What steps could you take to lower the risk of injury in a bicycle accident?

94. Did we achieve our objectives? Are you familiar and confident with the concepts of: Earning Income Buying Goods & Services Saving Protecting and Insuring (risk)

95. So, Economics & PFL Relevant to kids’ lives Can be enjoyable to teach and fun to learn Part of the state standards Lots of resources available to help you Master the concepts yourself, seek resources, share methods with your colleagues, then… GO FOR IT!