1. Fundamental Approach to TRIGA Steady-State Thermal- Hydraulic CHF Analysis National Organization of Test, Research, and Training Reactors (TRTR) Meeting Lincoln City, Oregon September 17-20, 2007 Earl E. Feldman

2. 2 Outline Two-Step Process (Step 1: Flow; Step 2: CHF) Flow –Coolant channel geometry of models –Computer codes (STAT & RELAP5) –Nodal structure of RELAP5 models used to determine flow –List representative parameters for two generic TRIGA reactors -- a hexagonal pitch TRIGA and a rectangular pitch TRIGA –Compare STAT and RELAP5 flow results for a representative hexagonal pitch TRIGA reactor

3. 3 Outline (continued) Critical Heat Flux (CHF) –Bernath correlation –Groeneveld tables (1986, 1995, 2006) –Hall and Mudawar (Purdue) outlet correlation –PG-CHF (Czech Republic) correlations –Compare CHF correlations for representative TRIGA reactor conditions –Compare CHF power predictions for a representative hexagonal pitch TRIGA reactor Suggested Approach to CHF Conclusions

4. 4 Geometric Model for Calculation of Coolant Flow Rates (Step 1) The core flow area is divided into subchannels defined by the cusps between adjacent fuel rods. Assume no mass exchange or heat transfer between adjacent subchannels, i.e, each subchannel behaves independently of its neighbors and can be analyzed separately. Only potentially limiting subchannels need be considered. Divide the length of the subchannel being analyzed into a series of horizontal layers or nodes. The 15-inch (0.381-m) heated length was divided into 15 1-inch layers.

5. 5 Codes Being Used for Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis STAT –GA-developed code with fixed geometry of one subchannel. –Custom made for TRIGA reactor hydraulics. –Steady state only. –No fuel rod temperature model –Has 2 CHF correlations Bernath (1960) McAdams (1949) RELAP5-3D (Version 2.3) –Current developer is the Idaho National Laboratory –General transient thermal-hydraulic neutronics reactor code. No fixed geometry. Uses a series of coolant nodes and junctions. Heat structures attached to coolant nodes represent solid regions, such as fuel rods. –Has 2 CHF correlation options 1986 Groeneveld table PG-CHF from the Czech Republic (~1994)

6. 6 RELAP5 Thermal-Hydraulic Model for Current Analysis

7. 7 Representative TRIGA Generic Reactor Parameters (Not the Most Limiting Values for Safety Analysis) Reactor Parameter Hexagonal PitchRectangular Pitch Fuel element pitchHexagonalRectangular conversion Flow area per rod, cm 2 5.4645.532 Hydraulic diameter, mm18.6419.65 Rod (heated) diameter, mm37.3435.84 Inlet temperature, C (F)25 (77)30 (86) Pressure (~mid-core), bars1.681.80 Saturation temperature, C (F)114.8 (238.6)116.9 (242.4) Inlet K-loss3.581.672 Exit K-loss3.00.6 Reactor power, MW2.01.0 Number of rods10090 Radial power factor (hot. rod)1.51.565 Power of hottest rod, kW30.017.4

8. 8 Axial Power Shape for Hottest Rod of Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA

9. 9 Comparison of STAT and RELAP5 Results STAT void detachment fraction is assumed to be zero. RELAP5 fails to provide a stable (non- oscillatory) solution above 48 kW/rod.

10. 10 Representative TRIGA CHF Parameters for the Limiting Channel (Step 2) Difficulty: Much of the published CHF measurements is focused on power reactors, which operate at high pressures and flow rates. However, TRIGA reactors operate at low pressures and at low (natural-convective) flow rates. Nominal ConditionsCHF Conditions Mixed-mean coolant temperature Less than boilingLess than or at boiling Mass flux, kg/m 2 -s~100~300 Velocity, cm/s (ft/s)~10 (~1/3)~30 (~1) Pressure, bar~1.8

11. 11 CHF Correlations Considered Bernath (1960) – Used in STAT code along with McAdams (1949) (STAT results indicate that for TRIGA reactors the Bernath correlation predicts lower CHF values than does the McAdams correlation.) 1986 Groeneveld Table – RELAP5 option 1995 Groeneveld Table – Not available in RELAP5 2006 Groeneveld Table – Not available in RELAP5 Hall and Mudawar (Purdue) – Proprietary 1998 collection of world’s CHF data in water. Has a simple correlation for subcooled boiling. for quality 300 kg/m 2 -s PG-CHF (Czech Republic, ~1994) – RELAP5 rod-bundle option, 4 flavors

12. 12 Bernath Correlation (1960) Based on low pressure subcooled measured data –1956 Columbia University data Annulus formed by 27.4-mm (1.08-inch) diameter heater inside an unheated tube 14 tests with approximate ranges of 2 to 4 bar, 80 to 110° C, 1800 to 9000 kg/m 2 -s (6 to 30 ft/s), and d h = 10.6 to 14.7 mm –1949 McAdams data – 0.25” heater inside 0.77” tube (d h = 13.2 mm) Checked by Bernath against several sets of independently measured data covering a wide range of parameters Applicable to subcooled boiling; Limited applicability to low-pressure bulk boiling

13. 13 Bernath CHF Correlation CHF = CHF, pound centigrade units per hr-ft 2 (1 p.c.u. = 1.8 Btu) film coefficient at CHF, p.c.u./hr-ft 2 -C T WBO = wall temperature at CHF, C T b = bulk coolant temperature, C D e = hydraulic diameter, ft D i = diameter of the heated surface = heat perimeter / π, ft (In STAT code, diameter of fuel rod) P = pressure, psia V = coolant velocity, ft/s

14. 14 1986, 1995, and 2006 Groeneveld CHF Look-Up Tables CHF table is a function of: –pressure (kPa) –mass flux (kg/m 2 -s) –quality – Negative values are used to represent subcooled conditions Based on water flowing inside an 8 mm diameter tube that is heated from the periphery Linear interpolation used for values between table entries Multiplicative factors for other geometries and conditions –CHF bundle = CHF table × K 1 × K 2 × K 3 × K 4 × K 5 × K 6 × K 7 –1986 has 6 factors. –Factors have changed after 1986. Later ones have 7 factors. –Some of the newer factors are tentative or not well defined –Most factors should be close to 1.0

15. 15 Groeneveld K 1 and K 2 Factors 1986 K 1 (hydraulic diameter, d h ) –For d h = 18.64 mm (hexagonal pitch TRIGA): 1986 => K 1 =0.79 After 1986 => K 1 =0.66 –After 1986 / 1986 = 0.83 For K 2 (rod bundle factor) –After 1986 a tentative new relationship was suggested. –The 1986 relationship will be assumed to apply to all years. –It is K 2 = min[ 0.8, 0.8 × exp(-0.5 × quality (1/3 ) ] –Therefore, K 2 = 0.8 for subcooled regions and less for bulk boiling regions. After 1986 K 1 (hydraulic diameter, d h )

16. 16 Groeneveld K 4 Factors For K 4 (heated length factor) –It appears that it has not been changed between 1986 and 2006. –The following is based on the RELAP5 source code: X = quality L = heated distance from channel inlet to middle of node D = heated diameter (i.e., 4 × flow area / heated perimeter) ρ f and ρ g are the densities of saturated liquid and vapor, respectively. If X < 0, X = 0 If L/D < 5, L/D = 5 α = X / (X + ρ g (1 − X) / ρ f ) K 4 = exp( D/L × exp( 2 × α ) ) –For X slightly greater than 0, K 4 increases rapidly with quality. This does not seem to affect the near limiting CHF powers for the generic hexagonal pitch TRIGA.

17. 17 Errors Associated with 2006 Groeneveld Table* For the region of the table of interest for TRIGA reactors, the CHF values are not a result of direct measurement. These regions, Groeneveld* states, “represent calculated values based on selected prediction methods …” In addition, Groeneveld* uses smoothing methods to eliminate discontinuities that are a result of scatter in the measured data. The paper provides RMS errors between the measured data and the smoothed entries in the table. For the direct substitution method being used in the current analysis, negative qualities in the measured regions of the table have an RMS error of 14.74%. Positive quality regions have much higher RMS errors. * D.C. Groeneveld, J.Q. Shan, A.Z. Vasić, L.K.H. Leung, A. Durmayaz, J. Yang, S.C. Cheng, and A. Tanase, “The 2006 CHF look-up table,” Nuclear Engineering and Design 237 (2007) 1909-1922.

18. 18 Hall & Mudawar (Purdue) CHF Outlet Correlation SymbolVariableMinimumMaximum DHydraulic Diameter, mm0.2515.0 GMass Flux, kg/s-m 2 30030,000 Pressure, bar12000 x0x0 Quality-0.05 h fg Latent heat of vaporization σSurface tension ρfρf Density of saturated liquid ρgρg Density of saturated vapor

19. 19 PG-CHF (Czech Republic) CHF Data One of 2 CHF options built into RELAP5. (The other is Groeneveld 1986.) Based on three separate experimental databases – one for tubes, one for rod bundles, and one for annuli. For each geometry there are four PG-CHF forms called: “Basic,” “Flux,” “Geometry,” and “Power” (It appears RELAP5 produces obviously erroneous results for the “Basic,” “Flux,” and “Geometry” forms.) Rod bundle database –153 test geometries –7,616 total points Data ranges for rod bundles: –Pressure: 2.8 to 187.3 bar (TRIGA ~1.8 bar) –Mass flux: 34.1 to 7478 kg/m 2 -s –Quality: subcooled to 100% steam –Heated length: 0.4 to 7.0 m (TRIGA 0.381 m) –Fuel rod diameter: 5 to 19.05 mm (TRIGA ~37 mm)

20. 20 CHF vs. Coolant Quality for 8 mm Diameter Tube 1.8 bar, 300 kg/m 2 -s 11.5 C 38.0 C 64.4 C 90.8 C 116.9 C Coolant Temperature

21. 21 CHF vs. Temperature for 19.65 mm Diameter Tube 1.8 bar, 300 kg/m 2 -s (Rectangular Pitch TRIGA)

22. 22 CHF Ratios for Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Evaluated at Nominal Power, where Highest Power Rod is 30kW CHR Ratio = local CHF prediction / local heat flux Thermal-hydraulics code is shown in parentheses Directly from RELAP5 Directly from STAT (1 Corresponds to 30 kW/rod)

23. 23 PG-CHF CHF Ratios for Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Evaluated at Nominal Power, where Highest Power Rod is 30kW RELAP5 flow except for Bernath, which uses STAT flow

24. 24 CHF Power Prediction of Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Based on Groeneveld 2006 Table

25. 25 CHF Power Prediction of Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Based on Bernath (1960) Correlation

26. 26 CHF Power Prediction of Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Based on Purdue (Outlet) Correlation Not valid because at CHF conditions the mass fluxes, G, is less than 300 kg/s-m 2 and the quality, X, is greater than -0.05. For a CHF power of 50.6 kW, G is 265 kg/s-m 2 and X is -0.02 at the limiting axial location.

27. 27 CHF Power Prediction of Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA Based on PG-CHF (~1994) Correlations

28. 28 Summary of CHF Results for Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA B – RELAP5/Bernath & B - Purdue B – Groeneveld 2006 A B – Flux & Power PG-CHF A

29. 29 Summary of CHF Results for Hexagonal Pitch TRIGA (continued) FlowCHF Correlation Rod CHF Power, kWCHF Ratio* A**B+B+ C ++ A**B+B+ C ++ STATBernath37.152.51.241.75 RELAP5 Bernath 49.650.657.51.651.691.92 Purdue 48.950.61.631.69 Groeneveld 2006 62.168.971.92.072.302.40 Groeneveld 1986 100.33.30 PG-CHF, Basic 105.9124.43.534.15 PG-CHF, Geometry 108.9129.73.634.32 PG-CHF, Power or Flux 109.2128.73.644.29 *1.0 corresponds to 30 kW for the highest power rod and 2.0 MW for the reactor. **A (RELAP5 Flow): CHF curve at maximum calculated flow per rod (0.1394 kg/s, thin vertical black line A-A in the previous figure), where RELAP5 flow begins to oscillate. + B (Extrapolated RELAP5 Flow): Intersection of a CHF correlation curve and a reactor flow curve, as shown on the previous figure. ++ C (Not Recommended): CHF based on calculated reactor power and flow at 30 kW/rod.

30. 30 Suggested Approach to CHF Use the 2006 Groeneveld CHF table, with K 1 (the newer one), K 2, and K 4, as provided above. Evaluate the CHF table at the power that produces CHF, i.e., CHF power = channel power. Use RELAP5, or other suitable code, to predict flow. If flow extrapolation is needed, be conservative. NUREG-1537, Part 1, Appendix 14.1, page 5 recommends minimum CHF ratios of at least 2.0 for reactors with engineered cooling systems. TRIGA reactors with natural-convective primary flow do not have engineered cooling systems. A minimum CHF ratio is under discussion.

31. 31 Conclusions Flow Rate: –For the hexagonal pitch TRIGA reactor, the RELAP5 flow rate predictions are greater than the STAT predictions, especially at power levels approaching CHF conditions. CHF –There is substantial uncertainty in the data. Correlation predictions differ greatly. –The 2006 Groeneveld table, with K 1, K 2, and K 4 as outlined above, is judged to be the best choice for TRIGA reactors. For the hexagonal pitch TRIGA reactor: – The proposed 2006 Groeneveld CHF and RELAP5 flow combination (column A of the previous table) predicts 62.1 kW/rod. –The traditional method of using the STAT code with the Bernath CHF correlation predicts 37.1 kW –Thus, in this example, the proposed method predicts the CHF power to be 67%, i.e., (62.1/37.1 – 1) × 100%, greater.