1. Monomer is a small molecule Polymer is a long chain of monomers The process by which monomers combine is called polymerization

2. Repeating units are a simplified method of drawing a polymer Polymers consist of repeating molecular units which usually are joined by covalent bonds

3. A pendant group on a polymer is a small group of atoms (even a small chain sometimes) that hangs off of the main chain (that is, the backbone of the polymer). Here are some examples of pendant groups circled in red: polypropylene polyvinylalcohol polystyrene Here are some examples of pendant groups circled in red:

4. Polymers can be classified into several ways: Based on Structure of Polymers i) Linear polymers (ii) Branched chain polymers (iii) Cross linked polymers Based on the Origin of the Polymer i) Natural polymers (ii) Semi-synthetic polymers (iii) Synthetic polymers Based on Types of Monomers i) Homopolymer (ii) Copolymer Based on Tacticity (Configuration) i) Isotactic polymer (ii) Syndiotactic polymer (iii) Atactic polymer Based on Synthesis i) Addition polymers (ii) Condensation polymers Based on Thermal Processing Behaviour i) Thermoplastic Polymers (ii) Thermosetting Polymer

5. Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer is ~204 nm; thickness is ~0.4 nm. (The contour length of a polymer chain is its length at maximum physically possible extension). contour length Linear Polymers:

6. Branched Polymer: Linear Polymer:

7. Cross-linked Polymer:Linear Polymer:

8. Star Polymer:

9. Dendrimers:

10. Cellulose Cellulose, a linear polymer of D-glucose units (two are shown) linked byglucose β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds.glycosidic bonds Natural Polymers: Polymers in Plants

11. Starch

12. Natural Rubber Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprenerubberpolymer Charles GOODYEAR discovered vulcanization in 1839

13. Protein Natural Polymers: Polymers in Animals

14. Functions of Proteins All enzymes are proteins. Structural: e.g. collagen in teehth and bone; keratin in skin, hair and nails. Contractile proteins: actin and myosin in muscles allow contraction and therefore movement. Hormones: many hormones have a protein structure (e.g. insulin, glucagon, growth hormone). Transport: for example, haemoglobin facilitates the transport of oxygen around the body Defence: immunoglobulins (antibodies) protect the body against foreign invaders; fibrinogen in the blood is vital for the clotting process.

15. (polymer of the N-Acetylglucosamine units) Chitin the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters and shrimps

16. Cellulose nitrate Semi-synthetic Polymers: Cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate Cellulose triacetate obtained from natural polymers by subjecting them to some chemical processes

17. Bakelite (1909) 1950s Black Bakelite Telephone Blue Bakelite Handle Synthetic Polymers Bakelite Sockets & Switches

18. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (1935) PMMA sheet (organic glass) Plexiglass aquarium

19. Polystyrene (1937) rigid polystyrene case, weight 2.6 Kg Styrofoam - a brand of polystyrene foam

20. Nylon 6,6 (1938) A 1949 advertisement in Life Magazine sings the praises of nylon products. Natural animal bristles were replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont in 1938.

21. Polyesters (1950) Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-PET bottles Recycled PET Fabric

22. Polycarbonates (1957) Lexan MR-10 windshields GE Lexan® face shield