1. WP3: identifying & quantifying the main driving forces of ecosystem changes influencing the aquaculture sector and developing the appropriate environmental indicators ECASA meeting Oban 8-9/12/2004

2. deliverables Report of the scoping meeting on pressures and interactions and the methodology to be used Results of analyses for interactions and associated costs to specific users

3. objectives ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues

4. methodology The WP team will: Ξ Review the existing published information on water quality of marine coastal areas. Ξ Compile information from existing sources and models to address the relative importance of different sources of pressure in a series of typical coastal environments. Ξ The areas of concern will be identified in a scoping workshop and subsequent effort will be targeted on issues of major importance. Ξ Additional data will be gathered to document interactions using time-series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques.

5. The intensity of pressures vary from place to place, as does the vulnerability of different ecosystems Ξ Coral reefs - eutrophication, sediments, overfishing, destructive fishing, reef mining, the aquarium and curio trade, diseases. Ξ Wetlands - reclamation and development, including landfills. Ξ Seagrass beds - siltation, coastal development, eutrophication, physical disturbance. Ξ Coastal lagoons - reclamation, pollution. Ξ Mangroves - excessive exploitation, clearing for reclamation, development and aquaculture. Ξ Shorelines - development, modification of habitats, erosion. Ξ Watersheds - deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, loss of habitats. Ξ Estuaries - reduced water flows, siltation, pollution. Ξ Small islands - changes in sea level, waste manage-ment, pollution. Ξ Continental shelves - pollution, fishing, dredging, navigation. Ξ Semi-enclosed seas - pollution, coastal development, fishing. Source: GESAMP (2001) A Sea of Troubles. 40pp (http://gesamp.imo.org/no70/report.pdf)

7. HABS in West central Atlantic

9. Large scale effects: nutrients in the Mediterranean Karakassis et al. Scientia Marina in press

10. calculating the max. quantity of fish farming nutrients remaining in the Mediterranean. Assuming a constant annual discharge of nutrients into the sea and a standard rate of water renewal constant annual Q t : quantity of fish farming nutrients present in the Mediterranean at year t. D: annual discharge of fish-farming released nutrients in the Mediterranean. a: number of years required for a complete renewal of Mediterranean water (e.g 80 years) Karakassis et al. Scientia Marina in press

11. calculating the max. quantity of fish farming nutrients remaining in the Mediterranean. constant annual Expanding the above equation the model takes the form: When |(a-1)/a| <1, the limit of this equation for infinite time is: Karakassis et al. Scientia Marina in press

12. Nutrients increase in the Mediterranean: long-term forecasting Karakassis et al. Scientia Marina in press

13. Report with different sections ΞCovering 3 major areas: ΞBaltic ΞMediterranean ΞAtlantic ΞReferring to 2 farm types ΞFish farming ΞMussel farming

14. Objectives-1 ΞTo identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided Issues to be covered ΞSources of Nutrient discharge ΞSources of Organic material ΞOther sources of pollution ΞHabitat destruction (fisheries, harbours, other development) ΞAlien species introduced ΞChanges in sedimentation regime ΞOther relevant factors of regional importance

15. Objectives-2 ΞTo suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture ΞLosses and risks for aquaculture ΞA. Known (ask stakeholders?) ΞB. Likely (from your experience) Issues ΞHABs ΞWeather conditions and other physical factors ΞAccidents (eg oil spils,) ΞPoor water quality ΞParasites. Disease due to external factors ΞPredation by wild liife (beards, seals, crocodiles etc)

16. Objectives -3 ΞTo identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues Issues ΞUrban centers ΞTourist development zones ΞIndustrial areas ΞArchaeological sites ΞHarbours ΞAgricultural areas ΞFacilities for the Navy and other military uses ΞOther of regional importance ΞProvide regulations in force ΞComments on efficiency

17. Objectives- 4 & 5 ΞTo assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc) ΞThis is a synthesis issue that will be done after collecting the national/regional reports ΞTo identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change. ΞDavid will obtain all the reports and will do his best