1. The Scramble for Africa

2. King Leopold
In the 1870s, the Belgian King Leopold sent emissaries to establish trade with native Africans in the Congo. This single act began a flurry of imperialistic activity as the other nations of Europe, including: France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, got involved
Imperialism = a process by which powerful nations extend their influence and control over other nations for their benefit
As the 19th century drew to a close europe was at the pinnacle of its power. A newyl energetic imperialism dominated national policies. Imperialism is when a country seeks out other nations to influence and take advantage of for their benefit.

3. Gold = Exploiting raw materials Glory = The victorious soldiers
Gold, Glory and God
Gold = Exploiting raw materials
Glory = The victorious soldiers
God = Imposing Christianity
The urge to create empires was rooted in the search for gold glory and god. Gold referred to the rich raw materials that could be seized and exploited. Glory came to the victorious soldiers who triumphed over weaker opponents in far-off places. The reference to God indicated the urge to impose Christianity on other peoples. Regardless of their own faiths and belief systems. The nations of Asia and Africa were treated as prized jewels to be owned.

4. Berlin Conference –
The European nations were in a race with one another for colonies
To avoid conflict European leaders met in Berlin, Germany and set about carving up Africa.
They had little regard for the native Africans
They wanted more colonies in order to increase trade, markets, and exploit the raw materials that the new colonies had.

6. Berlin Conference (continued)
The following guidelines were set at the conference:
Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any territory should inform the other powers “in order to ... make good any claim of their own.”
Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty.
Sovereignty = political freedom
Any such annexation should be validated by effective occupation.
Annexation =

7. By 1900, the only areas of Africa remaining independent were Liberia and Ethiopia.

9. The Boers
In the 1830s descendants of the original Dutch settlers, now called Boers, migrated into the interior of South Africa and began to engage in conflicts with the Zulu.

10. Zulu Resistance
The Zulu were a south African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as established by their  legendary leader Shaka Zulu. Under Shaka’s rule, the Zulu broadened their land claims throughout southern Africa.
Shaka Zulu – leader of the Zulu army

11. Zulu’s vs. Europe
Battles with the Boer settlers continued well into the late 1800s, but never truly threatened Zulu sovereignty.
Eventually, the Zulu came into the conflict with the British army as they expanded their control over southern Africa and invaded the homeland of the Zulu.
Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops. Soon, all of southern Africa would come under British control.

12. Cecil Rhodes
Instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa.
Founded the De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world’s diamond production.
After becoming prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen British control over the region.

13. Cape to Cairo Railroad Cecil Rhodes’s master plan:
A railroad line that would link British colonial interests in Africa between Egypt and the Cape Colony in southern Africa.

15. Boer Reaction
The Boers provided heavy and eventually armed resistance to this proposal.
The political catalyst was the Boer’s refusal to grant equal rights to British immigrants.
After authorizing an aggressive invasion of the Boer Republic of Transvaal which ended poorly, Rhodes was removed from office.
Sets the stage for the Boer War.

16. The Boer War
War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa
The fighting was vicious, with the Boers employing guerilla tactics and the British eventually using 450,000 troops to achieve victory.

17. The Boer War
In 1910, the various British colonies in southern Africa were united as the Union of South Africa

18. Effects of Imperialism
European nations carved Africa up with no regard for traditional tribal boundaries.
Africa still suffers from tribalism.
Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes
Modern African nations often contain several different tribes that harbor ill feelings towards one another.
Inter-tribal conflict is common in Africa often leading to civil wars and power struggles within national governments.
It is the cause of many wars within Africa

19. What About Canada?
Saw this as an opportunity to

20. What About Canada?
Suggest some differences in how French Canadian and English Canadian newspapers may have covered the war.
Describe imperialists thoughts on the war?
Describe the nationalists opinion about the war?
Give a brief overview outlining Canada’s contribution to The Boer War.