Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Commas Objectives Use commas correctly in punctuating series, direct addresses, and parenthetical expressions. Use commas correctly in punctuating dates, addresses, geographical items, and appositives. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas Use commas correctly in punctuating independent adjectives, verbal phrases, and prepositional phrases. Use commas correctly in punctuating independent, introductory, terminal, and nonessential clauses. Use commas correctly in punctuating degrees, abbreviations, and numerals. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas Use commas correctly to indicate omitted words, contrasting statements, short quotations, and to achieve clarity. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Using Commas in a Series
Commas are used to separate three or more equally ranked (coordinate) elements (words, phrases, or short clauses) in a series. A comma before the conjunction ensures separation of the last two items. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Series of words He submitted all production, distribution, sales, and financial data. Series of phrases They achieved a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Series of clauses Lee investigated hiring, Kelly studied compensation, and Mark researched benefits. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Using Commas in Direct Address
Words and phrases of direct address are set off by commas. We assure you, Mrs. Ortiz, that your bill will be corrected. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Using Commas in Parenthetical Expressions
Parenthetical words, phrases, and clauses that interrupt the flow of a sentence and are unnecessary for its grammatical completeness should be set off by commas. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Phrases commonly used as parenthetical expressions as a matter of fact in fact by the way in the meantime for example needless to say in addition no doubt incidentally of course Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

By the way, have you made your appointment yet? You did, no doubt, make payment with a credit card. I am very happy the order arrived, under the circumstances. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Do not use commas unless the expressions are actually parenthetical and interrupt the sentence. We have no doubt that your plan will succeed. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Do not use commas unless the expressions are actually parenthetical and interrupt the sentence. We have no doubt that your plan will succeed. ^ direct object Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas and Introductory Prepositional Phrases
Short introductory prepositional phrases that answer the questions when? where? why? and how? are essential to the sentences containing them and do not require commas. In the fall the sales will increase. ^ When? Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas and Introductory Prepositional Phrases
On the first floor you will find the copier. ^ Where? For this reason we will change the cover. ^ Why? With your call the order will be prepared. ^ How? Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas With Dates, Addresses, and Geographical Items
When dates, addresses, and geographical items contain more than one element, the second and succeeding elements are normally set off by commas. We received inquiries from San Antonio, Texas, and Tampa, Florida. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Commas With Dates, Addresses, and Geographical Items
The letter from Jane Mangrum, Miami-Dade Community College, Miami, Florida , was provocative. A sales record was set on October 14 in Chicago. A sales record was set on Wednesday, October 14, in Chicago. A sales record was set on Wednesday, October 14, 2005, in Chicago. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Using Commas With Appositives
Appositives rename or explain preceding nouns or pronouns. An appositive that provides information not essential to the identification of its antecedent should be set off by commas. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Douglas Johnson, the IBM sales representative, called. The IBM sales representative Douglas Johnson called. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

One-word appositives do not require commas. My brother Keith will visit in December. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. Send the order to Micro Warehouse Oak St. Lakewood NJ as soon as possible. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. Send the order to Micro Warehouse, Oak Street, Lakewood, NJ 08701, as soon as possible. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. Dick Baines educational support representative returned my call. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. Dick Baines, educational support representative, returned my call. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. Mr. Terry is the salesperson Ms. Schauer is the receivables clerk and Ms. Steele is the executive assistant. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. Mr. Terry is the salesperson, Ms. Schauer is the receivables clerk, and Ms. Steele is the executive assistant. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. I asked sir whether you would transfer my call. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. I asked, sir, whether you would transfer my call. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 5. We all agree of course that Mondays are potholes in the road of life. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 5. We all agree, of course, that Mondays are potholes in the road of life. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Mr. Barber delivered the order on December at 3 p.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Mr. Barber delivered the order on December 14, 2005, at 3 p.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Independent Adjectives Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Comma Guidelines Independent Adjectives Two adjectives that equally modify a noun should be separated by a comma. Many laborious inefficient procedures are being eliminated. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Independent Adjectives Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Comma Guidelines Independent Adjectives Two adjectives that equally modify a noun should be separated by a comma. Many laborious, inefficient procedures are being eliminated. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Introductory Phrases Verbal phrases that precede main clauses should be followed by commas. Hoping to get a seat, James arrived early. To complete the difficult job, we must work overtime. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Introductory Phrases Introductory prepositional phrases totaling five or more words should be followed by commas. For the past six months, we have used the product. In the fall of last year, the product was introduced. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Introductory Phrases Introductory prepositional phrases of fewer than five words require no commas. On Monday I placed three orders with you. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Nonessential Phrases Use commas to set off phrases that interrupt the flow of a sentence with information unneeded for grammatical completeness. Mrs. Savage, explaining the bank’s position, called for greater loan restrictions. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Nonessential Phrases Do not use commas to set off prepositional phrases that do not interrupt the sentence. We do not at this time anticipate layoffs. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Independent Clauses When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, use a comma before the conjunction— unless the clauses are very short. The computer is an efficient management tool, and it eliminates the need for some paperwork. We have tried and we have succeeded. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Introductory Clauses Dependent clauses that precede independent clauses are followed by commas. When Mark was hired, his duties were outlined. If Sharon applies, she will surely be hired. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Terminal Dependent Clauses Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Comma Guidelines Terminal Dependent Clauses Use a comma before a dependent clause at the end of a sentence ONLY if the clause tacks on unnecessary information. Our store hours are from 10 until 5, although we can make special arrangements. His duties were outlined when he was hired. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Nonessential Clauses Use commas to set off clauses that are parenthetical or that supply information unneeded for the grammatical completeness of a sentence. Marilyn Helser, who teaches at Rhodes State College, submitted excellent suggestions. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Nonessential Clauses Do not use commas to set off dependent clauses that contain essential information. A person who is looking for a job should use a computer to search online listings. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. To speak clearly you must carefully enunciate your words. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Intoductory verbal phrase] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. To speak clearly, you must carefully enunciate your words. [Intoductory verbal phrase] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. Gary Cox who was making a speech about investment scams warned that there’s always free cheese in a mousetrap. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Nonessential clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. Gary Cox, who was making a speech about investment scams, warned that there’s always free cheese in a mousetrap. [Nonessential clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. If I had my life to live over I’d live it over a delicatessen. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Introductory clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. If I had my life to live over, I’d live it over a delicatessen. [Introductory clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. We’re seeking an industrious ethical individual for this position. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Independent adjectives] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. We’re seeking an industrious, ethical individual for this position. [Independent adjectives] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 5. In spite of the cost of living it’s still popular. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas.
5. In spite of the cost of living, it’s still popular. [Long introductory prepositional phrase] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Terry starts his working day at 5 a.m. and Jenny begins her duties at 6 or 7 a.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Independent clauses] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Terry starts his working day at 5 a.m., and Jenny begins her duties at 6 or 7 a.m. [Independent clauses] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 7. The administrative assistant who prepared the report was accurate and thorough. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Essential information] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 7. The administrative assistant who prepared the report was accurate and thorough. [Essential information] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 8. Please return the printer after the repairs have been made. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Terminal dependent clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 8. Please return the printer after the repairs have been made. [Terminal dependent clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 9. With your assistance Tim will complete the project on time. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas.
9. With your assistance Tim will complete the project on time. [Short phrase answering a how? question] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Degrees and Abbreviations Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Comma Guidelines Degrees and Abbreviations Degrees, personal titles, and professional designations following individuals’ names are set off by commas. Paul William Murphey, Ph.D., is the keynote speaker. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Degrees and Abbreviations The abbreviations Jr. and Sr. are generally not set off by commas. Fritz Werner Jr. and Fritz Werner Sr. both made large contributions. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Degrees and Abbreviations The abbreviations Inc. and Ltd. are set off by commas if the company’s legal name includes the commas. Scandia, Inc., advertised the dining set. Lamps Ltd. is now located in the mall. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Numerals Unrelated figures appearing side by side should be separated by commas. By 2005, 54 branches were in operation. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Numerals Numerals of more than three digits require commas. 4, , ,321,000 Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Numerals Calendar years, ZIP codes, and telephone, house, decimal, page, serial, and contract numbers do not require commas. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Omitted Words A comma is used to show the omission of understood words. Some employees must arrive at 8:30 a.m.; others must arrive at 9 a.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Omitted Words A comma is used to show the omission of understood words. Some employees must arrive at 8:30 a.m.; others [must arrive] at 9 a.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Omitted Words A comma is used to show the omission of understood words. Some employees must arrive at 8:30 a.m.; others, at 9 a.m. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Contrasting Statements Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Comma Guidelines Contrasting Statements Commas are used to set off contrasting or opposing expressions. These expressions are often introduced by not, never, but, or yet. Managers are made, not born. The greater are the sales, the greater are the profits. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Clarity Commas are used to separate words repeated for emphasis and words that may be misread if not separated. We had a long, long meeting to iron out differences. In short, employees must be more courteous. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Short Quotations A comma is used to separate a short quotation from the rest of a sentence. Calvin Coolidge said, “The business of America is business.” Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Comma Guidelines Short Quotations If the quotation is divided into two parts, two commas are needed. “What costs little,” said a wise man, “is worth little.” Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. “A yawn is a silent shout” said the famous author. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 1. “A yawn is a silent shout,” said the famous author. [Short quotation] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. They are expecting Dr. Halonen not Mr. Irwin to deliver the lecture. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Contrasting expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 2. They are expecting Dr. Halonen, not Mr. Irwin, to deliver the lecture. [Contrasting expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. Next year we will purchase 10 new computers; the following year 15. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 3. Next year we will purchase 10 new computers; the following year, 15. [Omitted words] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. On paper projects always seem feasible. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 4. On paper, projects always seem feasible. [Clarity] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 5. By ,000 additional students will have enrolled. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 5. By 2006, 5,000 additional students will have enrolled. [Adjacent numerals] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Marilyn Kirchoff CPA attended the Accounting Advisory Committee meeting. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Abbreviation/degree] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Check your skill . . . Insert necessary commas. 6. Marilyn Kirchoff, CPA, attended the Accounting Advisory Committee meeting. [Abbreviation/degree] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 1. Mr. Dobbings we’re proud to offer you a line of high-volume copying systems and to provide you with fast first-copy speed so that your people spend less time completing short runs. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 1. Mr. Dobbings, we’re proud to offer you a line of high-volume copying systems and to provide you with fast first-copy speed so that your people spend less time completing short runs. [Direct address] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 2. On Monday January we opened the doors of our business in Tampa Florida. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 2. On Monday, January 3, 2004, we opened the doors of our business in Tampa Florida. [Date] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 2. On Monday, January 3, 2001, we opened the doors of our business in Tampa, Florida. [Geographical expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 3. My attorney feels nevertheless that Stacy Rivers the individual whose car was damaged in the accident should be present at the hearing. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Parenthetical expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 3. My attorney feels, nevertheless, that Stacy Rivers the individual whose car was damaged in the accident should be present at the hearing. [Parenthetical expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Nonrestrictive appositive] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 3. My attorney feels, nevertheless, that Stacy Rivers, the individual whose car was damaged in the accident, should be present at the hearing. [Nonrestrictive appositive] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 4. On the other hand I would like to have my brother Gary at the hearing also. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Parenthetical expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 4. On the other hand, I would like to have my brother Gary at the hearing also. [Parenthetical expression] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 5. If you will refer to the instruction booklet you will find a description of automatic sheet feeding on page 5. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 5. If you will refer to the instruction booklet, you will find a description of automatic sheet feeding on page 5. [Introductory clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 6. We provide sophisticated document handling and we also supply advanced finishing capabilities for complete stapled sets at the touch of a button. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Independent clauses] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 6. We provide sophisticated document handling, and we also supply advanced finishing capabilities for complete stapled sets at the touch of a button. [Independent clauses] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 7. The employee who made the suggestion will receive a bonus and will be honored at a reception. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 7. The employee who made the suggestion will receive a bonus and will be honored at a reception. [No commas needed] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 8. What it was was a problem in communication. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 8. What it was, was a problem in communication. [Clarity] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 9. Send the software to Ms. Kathleen Kerwin Avocado Road Oceanside CA immediately. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 9. Send the software to Ms. Kathleen Kerwin, Avocado Road, Oceanside, CA 90360, immediately. [Address] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 10. Northwest now offers trans-Atlantic flights to London Frankfurt and Amsterdam. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 10. Northwest now offers trans-Atlantic flights to London, Frankfurt, and Amsterdam. [Series] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 11. If your account exceeds $ it will continue to be insured for six months. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 11. If your account exceeds $100,000 it will continue to be insured for six months. [Six digits] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 11. If your account exceeds $100,000, it will continue to be insured for six months. [Introductory clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 12. In May we sent announcements to customers; in June to an additional 200. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 12. In May we sent announcements to customers; in June, to an additional 200. [Omitted words] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 13. Our daily newspaper advertisements are written by Angie Stone who is a full-time employee and reviewed by Peter Frankel our part-time proofreader. Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Nonessential clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 13. Our daily newspaper advertisements are written by Angie Stone, who is a full-time employee, and reviewed by Peter Frankel our part-time proofreader. [Nonessential clause] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

[Nonrestrictive appositive] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e
Chapter 16 - Quiz Insert necessary commas in the following sentence. (The sentence may already be correct.) 13. Our daily newspaper advertisements are written by Angie Stone, who is a full-time employee, and reviewed by Peter Frankel, our part-time proofreader. [Nonrestrictive appositive] Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

END Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e

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