1. Imperialism
Domination of the political, economic, and cultural life of one country or region by another

2. Answer these questions in your notebook
How might a nation force its political, economic, and cultural ways of life on another country or region? Why would they want to do this?

3. Causes Nationalism Industrial Revolution/Economic Competition
Religious and Humanitarian (European Racism)

4. European Motives For Colonization European Nationalism
Source for
Raw
Materials
Missionary Activity
Industrial
Revolution
European
Motives
For Colonization
Markets for Finished Goods
Military & Naval Bases
Social Darwinism
European Racism
Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul.
Humanitarian Reasons
Soc. & Eco. Opportunities
“White Man’s Burden”

5. Nationalism Sparks the desire to build overseas empires
Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness
“All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands…”
Each country was determined to plant its flag on as much of the world as possible

6. Industrial Revolution / Economic Competition
Need for Markets and Materials
Production of more good requires nations to look for sources of raw materials and places to sell their goods
Cotton, coal, iron ore, oil, copper, rubber

7. Religious and Humanitarian (Racism)
Christian Missionaries
Civilize the uncivilized
Spread western civilizations
“White Man’s Burden”
Duty to bring the knowledge of medicine, science, technology, and sanitation to the uncivilized

8. Answer these questions in your notebook
Which of the European motives do you believe was the most powerful? Why?

9. Types of Colonial Rule

10. Direct Control France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium
Officials and soldiers from conquering power administer colonies
Impose their cultures and turn into that country’s province
Colonial power controlled the local government at every level
Appoint officials

11. Indirect Control Britain Not enough officials to send to every colony
Leave traditional leaders in place
British officials make decisions and expect local rulers to enforce them

12. Sphere of Influence
Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
China/Latin America
State acquires an exclusive or even preferential right to exploit and develop a backward region economically
Other states have no right to claim or establish any form of control over another country’s sphere

13. Protectorate Local rulers left in place
Expected to follow advice from European advisors
Trade and missionary
Cost less than colonies to run
Needed minimal military force

14. European
Colonialism in
Africa

15. Imperialism in Africa
DO NOW: Imagine that intergalactic space aliens with cool futuristic weapons landed all of a sudden on planet earth. How would you view them? How would you interact with them?

16. African Trade [15c-17c]

17. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

18. European Explorers in Africa
19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

20. 19c
Mysteries
& Adventures

21. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?
Doctor Livingstone, I Presume?
Sir Henry Morton Stanley
Dr. David Livingstone

22. David Livingstone Link
Went to Africa as a missionary but was a combination of missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist.
Reached and named Victoria Falls in 1855.
In 1871 journalist Henry Stanley found him at Lake Tanganyika, greeting him with the famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
Link

23. European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

24. What is the Source of the Nile?
Sir Richard Burton
John Speke

25. Africa
1890

26. Africa in
1914

27. Social Darwinism

28. The “White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling

29. The “White Man’s Burden”?

30. Remember “The White Man’s Burden”???
Which one do you think is more accurate?

31. Many Africans gave up traditional agriculture to work for European companies. Some worked on rubber plantations or in copper mines. Others built railroads to bring these natural resources to ports, where they could be shipped to Europe and used in factories.

32. The Belgian Congo:
"King Leopold's
Ghost"

33. The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

34. King Leopold II: (r – 1909)

35. Africa: the Congo
In the 1870s King Leopold II of Belgium employed Henry Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River
Leopold said the Congo Free State would be a free-trade zone open to all European merchants in order to forestall competition from his more powerful European neighbors
Leopold II

36. Africa: the Congo
In reality, Leopold ran the Congo Free State as a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run under brutal conditions
Humanitarians protested Leopold’s colonial regime
In 1908 the Belgium government took control of the colony and it became known as Belgian Congo
Clearing tropical forests ate away at Leopold’s profit margins so Congolese farming villages such as this one were leveled to make way for rubber tree plantations

37. Harvesting Rubber

38. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

39. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit Belgian Official

40. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

41. Leopold’s Conscience??

42. Berlin Conference of
Another point of view? 

43. Europeans: Carving up a Continent
Who is missing from this picture???

44. Tensions among the European powers seeking African colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference ( ), during which delegates from 14 European states and the US (no Africans were present) devised the rules for the colonization of Africa
Rules for conquest of Africa
The conference produced an agreement that any European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory
Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa

45. Africa: Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference gave European diplomats the justification they needed to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies
By the turn of the century, all of Africa was divided into European colonies except for Ethiopia, where native forces had fought off Italian efforts at colonization, and Liberia, a small republic populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the US

46. “We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white man’s foot has ever trod.
We have been giving away mountains and rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by the small impediment that we never knew exactly where the mountains and rivers were.”
-British Official

47. Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds

48. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) De Beer “The Colossus of Rhodes”

49. Cecil Rhodes
Went to south Africa in 1871 and by 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production
Also gained a healthy stake in the gold market
Served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from and saw the Cape Colony as a base of operations for the extension of British control to all of Africa

50. South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)
Principal sponsor of the Cape-to-Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent. Diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal and Rhodes wanted to extend his influence there but region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)

51. The Struggle for South Africa

52. Boer-British Tensions Increase
1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.
1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence Paul Kruger becomes President.
1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

53. The Boer War:
The British
The Boers

54. South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)
Massive British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

55. Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls