1. British EmpireFrance ItalyImperial RussiaAustria-HungarySpain PortugalGerman EmpireThe Netherlands Ottoman Empire Belgium

3. France Ruler: Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) President Émile Loubet (1899–1906) Colonies: Indochina, North Africa, Madagascar Events: French intervention in Mexico (1860) Franco-Prussian War (1870) – Ended 2 nd Empire 3 rd Republic established (1870)

4. Imperial Russia Ruler: Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917) Colonies: None Events: Crimean War (1853-1856) Emancipation of serfs (1861) Alaska sold to U.S. (1868) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

5. Spain Ruler: King Alfonso XIII (1886–1931) Colonies: Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and minor Territories in Africa Events: Spanish American War (1898) lost Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

6. Austria-Hungary Ruler: Emperor Franz Joseph (1848–1916) Colonies: None Events: Dual-Monarchy of Austria-Hungary established (1867) Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated (1914)

7. Italy Ruler: King Victor Emanuel II (1861-1878) King Umberto I (1878-1900) King Victor Emanuel III (1900-1946) Important People: Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Colonies: Libya, Somaliland, Eritrea Events: Unification - 1861

8. German Empire Ruler: Kaiser Wilhelm I (1888–1918) Important People: Otto von Bismark Colonies: Tanganyika, Ruanda-Urundi, Namibia, Botswana, Kamerun, Togoland Events: Franco-Prussian War (1870) Unification (1871)

9. The Ottoman Empire Ruler: Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) Colonies: None Events: Crimean War (1853-1856) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

10. Portugal Ruler: King Carlos I (1889–1908) Colonies: Angola, Mozambique Events: None of Note

11. The Netherlands Ruler: King William III (1849-1890) Queen Wilhelmina (1890–1948) Colonies: East Indies Events: None of Note

12. Belgium Ruler: King Leopold II (1865–1909) Colonies: Congo Events: None of Note

13. The British Empire Ruler: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) Colonies: Canada, Guiana, Gambia East Africa, South Africa, India, Burma, Australia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, New Guinea, Singapore, Aden

14. The British Empire Events: 1 st Opium War (1856-1860) Crimean War (1853-1856) 2 nd Opium War (1856-1860) Direct British control of India (1858) Suez Canal Purchased (1875) Anglo-Zulu War (1879) Sudan Campaign (1881–1889) Boer War (1899-1902)

15. The United States Important People: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt Colonies: Philippines, Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, Pacific Islands, Cuba* Events: Alaska purchased by U.S. (1868) Spanish American War (1898) gained Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Panama Canal completed (1914)

16. Japan Ruler: Emperor Meiji (1867-1912) Emperor Taishō (1912-1926) Emperor Hirohito (1926-1989) Colonies: Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria Events: Meiji Restoration 1868 First Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Russo-Japanese War 1904 Annexation of Korea 1910