1. The Partition of Africa
Ch. 12 Sec. 2
The Partition of Africa

2. Before the Imperialism of 1800’s
Ottoman empire ruled much of N. Africa
West Africa – Usman dan Fodio, set up a successful Islamic state and inspired other Muslim reform movements
East Africa – had long been influenced by Islam with profitable port cities
South Africa – the Zulus emerged under ruthless leader Shaka
Sets off migrant wars and then the arrival of Boers

3. European Contact Increases
Explorers push into the interior using the great African rivers (Niger, Nile, Congo)
Missionaries follow
Build schools, churches and medical clinics
But treat like children (paternalistic)
David Livingston – best known
Met with less bias than other Europeans
Opposed slave trade (open up to Christianity and trade)
Henry Stanley – journalist sent to find him
Turned to economic interests of the African interior

4. African Scramble
1871 King Leopold II (African king) hires Stanley to explore
Private interests of conquest and profit
Causes Britain, France, Germany to join scramble
Berlin Conference used to prevent conflict
Europeans met to agree on how to divide Africa
In the 20 years that followed
Partition most of Africa, take resources, little regard for Africans
Leopold expelled after horrors reported
Boer War
British acquired S. Africa, Boers resist after discovery of gold and diamonds
British win at great cost set up the Union of South Africa

5. Resistance Menelik II united rival princes and modernizes the country
Army fights off the Italians and remains independent
Western-educated African elite
Emerges and by early 1900’s leaders are begin nationalist movements towards independence

6. Europe in Muslim Regions
Ch. 12 Sec. 3
Europe in Muslim Regions

7. Muslim Empires
1500’s
Ottomans (Middle East), Safavids (Persia) and Mughals (India)
1700’s
All in decline due to corruption and discontent
Muslim reform movements arose
Stressed spiritual devotion and strict rules on how to act
Some opposed foreign expansion in Muslim areas
In addition, faced threats from Western Imperialists

8. Ottoman Problems
Ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, people from within the empire begin to rebel
Pashas wanted more power
Some look to Western ideas on reforming the government and its rigid rules
Sultans reject reform look towards autocracy
Young Turks (liberals) overthrew Sultan but WW I interrupts planned reforms
Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of Armenians (Christian) by the Turks (Muslim)
Accused of supporting Russian plans against Ottomans

9. Egypt Early 1800’s semi-independent province in Ottoman empire
Muhammad Ali “Father of Modern Egypt”
Introduced political and economic reforms
Built a well-trained modern army and conquered neighboring lands
Dies in 1849 with Egypt on its way to becoming a Middle Eastern power
Successors lack same skills
Suez canal built with high interest loans, can’t pay off
Shares in canal bought by Britain leads to their control of Egypt as a protectorate

10. Persia Russia Britain Early 1900’s discovery of oil
Wanted territory to protect its southern frontier and expand into central Asia
Britain
Wanted to protect its interests in India
Early 1900’s discovery of oil
Heightened interests in Persia and both plotted to control oil fields
Persian government granted concessions and foreign powers sent troops to protect
Outraged nationalists split into two groups
Adopt western ways
Muslim religious leaders condemn Persian govt. and west