1. Barriers to development

2. Transatlantic Slave Trade One of the worst examples of man’s inhumanity to man One of the worst examples of man’s inhumanity to man

3. Both Latin America & Africa were exploited by the Europeans

4. Colonial Legacies What are the legacies of European colonization? What are the legacies of European colonization? Social and cultural disruption Social and cultural disruption Underdeveloped human potential Underdeveloped human potential Weak infrastructures Weak infrastructures Exploited resources Exploited resources Disoriented trade patterns Disoriented trade patterns Preset colonial boundaries Preset colonial boundaries Colonial govt. role model Colonial govt. role model

5. Social and Cultural Disruption Europeans had new way of doing things Europeans had new way of doing things No regard for traditional ways of life No regard for traditional ways of life By independence, many old ways are lost and stability is gone By independence, many old ways are lost and stability is gone

6. Underdeveloped Human Potential Few had opportunity for education Few had opportunity for education Most are exploited – cheap labor Most are exploited – cheap labor Unprepared for self-rule at independence Unprepared for self-rule at independence ie: Congo had only 30 people out of 16 million with college degrees at time of independence ie: Congo had only 30 people out of 16 million with college degrees at time of independence

7. Disoriented Trade Patterns Pre-colonial trade within Africa, (Northern Africa is the exception along the Mediterranean) Pre-colonial trade within Africa, (Northern Africa is the exception along the Mediterranean) Trade goes from internal links to links with the coast and Europe Trade goes from internal links to links with the coast and Europe

8. Colonial Boundaries Berlin Conference of 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines on a map Berlin Conference of 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines on a map Focused on balance of power in 19 th century Europe Focused on balance of power in 19 th century Europe Division of ethnic groups Inclusion of hostile ethnic groups in new boundaries

9. Colonial Govt. Role Model Political power grew out of the barrel of a gun Political power grew out of the barrel of a gun Authoritarian, manipulative Authoritarian, manipulative Did not encourage democracy or lawful rule Did not encourage democracy or lawful rule

10. International Changes Cold War (of course!) Cold War (of course!) Many gain independence and become pawns in the Cold War Many gain independence and become pawns in the Cold War Worsened internal conflict and supported poor leaders Worsened internal conflict and supported poor leaders Transfer of lots of small arms weapons to African states (not for hunting) Transfer of lots of small arms weapons to African states (not for hunting) International Economics International Economics Political instability doesn’t bring in the investors Political instability doesn’t bring in the investors

11. Domestic Problems Ethnic Conflicts Ethnic Conflicts Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe… Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe… Death, destruction, political instability Death, destruction, political instability

12. Corruption Rigged elections Rigged elections Leaders seek personal gain and riches Leaders seek personal gain and riches Mobutu made $5 million on minerals Mobutu made $5 million on minerals

13. Case Study: South Africa Richest in resources of Sub-Saharan nations – farmlands, gold and diamonds Richest in resources of Sub-Saharan nations – farmlands, gold and diamonds Unequal distribution – Afrikaners, descendants of Dutch settlers, had the most Unequal distribution – Afrikaners, descendants of Dutch settlers, had the most White minority control – 75% Black along with Asians and mixed races have very limited rts. White minority control – 75% Black along with Asians and mixed races have very limited rts. No vote, not freedom of speech, assembly, or press No vote, not freedom of speech, assembly, or press

14. Armed Afrikaners In 1948 Afrikaners come to power Boer War had resulted in white rule in S. Africa and apartheid Boer War had resulted in white rule in S. Africa and apartheid Sanctions by international community Sanctions by international community Still prosper from minerals, Afrikaners don’t seem to care Still prosper from minerals, Afrikaners don’t seem to care Boers had fought the British for control of S. A. Boers had fought the British for control of S. A.

15. Apartheid System of complete racial separation System of complete racial separation No social contact between races No social contact between races Separate schools, hospitals, neighborhoods, jobs, playgrounds, beaches etc. Separate schools, hospitals, neighborhoods, jobs, playgrounds, beaches etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOrKUfkh2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOrKUfkh2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOrKUfkh2k

16. Homelands Policy Govt. created separate Bantustans for major black groups Govt. created separate Bantustans for major black groups 13% of land, poor quality, reserved for 75% of population 13% of land, poor quality, reserved for 75% of population Forced 1000s to move Forced 1000s to move Built shanty towns on outskirts of white residential areas for work – had to carry registration passes (only for workers) Built shanty towns on outskirts of white residential areas for work – had to carry registration passes (only for workers)

17. African National Congress Founded in 1912 Founded in 1912 Organized strikes and boycotts to protest apartheid Organized strikes and boycotts to protest apartheid Banned after Sharpeville Massacre, Nelson Mandela sentenced for life Banned after Sharpeville Massacre, Nelson Mandela sentenced for life

18. Rivonia Trial Police found documents dooming leadership of ANC – Police found documents dooming leadership of ANC – connected 9 of them to acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare connected 9 of them to acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare Sentenced to life in prison – lost some of ANC’s effectiveness Sentenced to life in prison – lost some of ANC’s effectiveness

19. Black Consciousness Social and political movement that pressed for increased rights and an end to “separate development” Social and political movement that pressed for increased rights and an end to “separate development” No white help allowed – other races can succeed on their own power No white help allowed – other races can succeed on their own power Steve Biko – “The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.” Steve Biko – “The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.”

20. Afrikaner Interview – Witness to Apartheid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_z_9GH4Nl Y&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&s afe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_z_9GH4Nl Y&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&s afe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_z_9GH4Nl Y&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&s afe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_z_9GH4Nl Y&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&s afe=active

21. Soweto Demonstrations 1976 More than 700 students killed protesting the use of Afrikaner language in classes 1976 More than 700 students killed protesting the use of Afrikaner language in classes Leader died a year later in police custody Leader died a year later in police custody World response is economic sanctions World response is economic sanctions

22. How did the economy effect Apartheid? Need for more skilled workers, (not enough whites available) Need for more skilled workers, (not enough whites available) Economic success depended on happiness and well- being of growing group of skilled black workers Economic success depended on happiness and well- being of growing group of skilled black workers Guerilla attacks on railroads, mines, police stations etc. cost the govt. millions Guerilla attacks on railroads, mines, police stations etc. cost the govt. millions 1985 State of Emergency declared and govt. was losing the funds to keep control – escalates violence on massive scale 1985 State of Emergency declared and govt. was losing the funds to keep control – escalates violence on massive scale

23. F.W. de Klerk Brings Change Elected President in 1989 – wanted to end isolation Elected President in 1989 – wanted to end isolation 1990 lifted ban on ANC and released Nelson Mandela 1990 lifted ban on ANC and released Nelson Mandela Repealed apartheid laws of segregation and land restriction Repealed apartheid laws of segregation and land restriction 1991 President Bush ends economic sanctions 1991 President Bush ends economic sanctions

24. Nelson Mandela – the Symbol of South African Independence 1994 – first universal elections, blacks and whites vote (lines are up to a mile long!) 1994 – first universal elections, blacks and whites vote (lines are up to a mile long!) ANC wins majority in National Assembly – Mandela elected President ANC wins majority in National Assembly – Mandela elected President

25. Inaugural Address “We must therefore act together as a united people…Never, never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world…Let Freedom reign.”

26. Truth and Reconciliation Trials http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujOL8FS2wv4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujOL8FS2wv4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujOL8FS2wv4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active “We will thereby contribute to the healing of a traumatized and wounded people…and in this way to promote national unity and reconciliation.” ~Archbishop Desmund Tutu “We will thereby contribute to the healing of a traumatized and wounded people…and in this way to promote national unity and reconciliation.” ~Archbishop Desmund Tutu Some perpetrators could receive amnesty if acts were proven to be politically motivated to meet needs of apartheid or anti-apartheid. Some perpetrators could receive amnesty if acts were proven to be politically motivated to meet needs of apartheid or anti-apartheid. Not always considered effective at achieving its goals…why? Not always considered effective at achieving its goals…why?

27. What is the message of the cartoon? Apartheid’s Last Stand – 26 min. to end Apartheid’s Last Stand – 26 min. to end After becoming president of South Africa, what upsets some people about Mandela’s policy of reconciliation? What has been disappointing about the ANC’s government and its promises?

28. Poverty in South Africa http://www.whypoverty.net/en/video/mise ducation http://www.whypoverty.net/en/video/mise ducation http://www.whypoverty.net/en/video/mise ducation http://www.whypoverty.net/en/video/mise ducation What challenges does Kelina face every day? What would you go through to get an education? What would you go through to get an education? Every child has the right to grow up in a safe environment and access education. How does Kelina's environment affect these rights? Whose responsibility is it to ensure that children have safe access to school?