1. Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I) Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator! PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independence From British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians = reform. Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906 Road to a SOLUTION: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) (transformed the Indian National Congress on his return in 1915) Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahisma) Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”) Amritsar Massacre 1919 (British killed 379 unarmed protestors) Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922 (boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton) Civil Disobedience Movement 1930 (more aggressive- protest on British authority = The Salt March= led 50,000 to the Sea to make salt illegally The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ ex Control under the British (failed) Civil disobedience and non-violence C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

2. India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)

3. Global National Identity Crisis: Africa PROBLEM: Competing Interests ** desire for some degree of economic and political independence after WW I: differed from country to country ** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to maintain control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE SELF- DETERMINATION SELF- DETERMINATION Post WW I Post WWII Post WW I economic priorities: 1.Colonized must PAY for institutions 2.Developed export oriented economics Colonial investment in African infrastructure: Communication, transportation, port facilities Required: colonial taxation of Africans Africans had to resort to sharecropping Peanuts (Senegal) Cotton (Uganda) Cocoa (Ivory Coast) Rubber (Congo) 88% of land in South Africa owned by whites C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

4. Global National Identity Crisis: Africa Road to a SOLUTION: -Victorious colonial powers maintained control - Previously self-sufficient African economies were overpowered by European colonial powers - Europeans built businesses and prospered while Africans were used as forced labor ** African educated elite began to develop movement to support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta, Marcus Garvey) ** After WW II, Africans would demand independence from colonial rule (Ghana = first to become independent in 1957) Belgian Congo independent 1959 Kenya independent 1963 SELF- DETERMINATION SELF- DETERMINATION Post WWII

5. African National Congress 1912 To promote unity and mutual co- operation between the government and the South African black people To maintain a channel between the government and the black people To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans To address the just grievances of the black people

7. Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned: 1964-1990 (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC) Nobel Peace Prize: 1993 President: 1994 (first democratically elected South African president)

9. Global National Identity Crisis: China PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat= Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi) Road to a SOLUTION: Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords “The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.” World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self- determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further Japanese aggression = May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel) Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921 Mao Zedong Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek (1887-1975) Intermittent Civil War

10. Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949 Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding Leader of the Long March (6215 miles)women’s equality/ socialism ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)= Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution JAPAN? Mukden Incident 1931, Leaves League of Nations China 1927-1936 Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi): Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy) = no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage) Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses shunned partnership with the Communists avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression World War II?

11. Cardenas Sandino Diego Rivera Taft Roosevelt Neo-Colonialism "As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism." — Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965 Somoza

16. Post WW II: Somoza family Wealth valued at $60 million 1970s: Opposition grew = Sandinistas (FSLN) 1972: Devastating earthquake 1975: Somoza violent campaign against FSLN (Public reports issued but ignored) 1977: President Jimmy Carter urges Somoza to stop human rights abuses: Somoza lifts state of siege, but then continues… 1979: Nicaraguan Revolution: ousting of dictator, FSLN in power until 1990 ______________________________________________________________________ 1980s:Iran-Contra Affair 1955 :Anastasio Somoza Debayle Head of National Guard ANTI-COMMUNIST Estimated 50,000 killed during Nicaraguan Revolution, 120,000 exiled, 600,000 made homeless Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1925-1980)

17. Father Oscar Romero 1917-1980 Romero was shot on 24 March 1980, while celebrating Mass at a small chapel located in a hospital called "La Divina Providencia", one day after a sermon where he had called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey God's higher order and to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights. Liberation Theology

18. 1898: just before Spanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War 1945