1. Chapter 4: From Chemistry to Energy to Life

2. Chemistry and the Environment
conservation of matter
atoms
protons (+)
neutrons
electrons (-)
Isotopes have a different number of neutrons in the atom
some are radioactive
half-life of minutes to millions of years
Ion is an atom that gains an electron (-) or loses one (+)
Ca+2 calcium which has lost 2 electrons

3. Compounds
Organic
have carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) in them as the core
example: CO2 carbon dioxide
Inorganic
any other compound
example: NaCl table salt

4. Solutions mixture of substances air is a solution of gases
tap water is a solution of liquids
human blood

5. pH
0 - 14
0-7 acid
7 is neutral
7-14 base

6. Macromolecules building blocks of life
large in size compared to other simple molecules like water and sugar
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

7. Synthetic Polymers plastics man-made not present in nature
derived from hydrocarbons
resist chemical breakdown
can create problems in wildlife

8. Compartmentalization of Macromolecules
natural macromolecules make up cells, the unit of life, from the simple bacteria to more complex organisms like you and I.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

9. Energy potential energy: energy present in a molecule
kinetic energy: energy produced by the movement of a molecule
chemical energy: energy held in the bonds of a molecule

10. Thermodynamics: Energy conservation
First Law: energy is not created nor destroyed, its only transformed.
energy in food
Second Law: nature of energy will change from more ordered one to a more chaotic one.
decomposition of a dead organism

11. Light Energy Produces Food
autotrophs: produce their own food with the use of solar energy known as photosynthesis. Example→plants which become the primary producers
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 +  6O2
carbon water glucose oxygen
dioxide

12. Cellular Respiration Releases Chemical Energy
heterotrophs: consume autotrophs to obtain energy. example→animals which become the primary consumers
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

13.
Chemosysthesis
chemical-bond energy of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to transform inorganic carbon into organic compounds.
Present in bacteria found in the hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4

14. Origin of Life
Primordial soup: simple inorganic compounds under special conditions formed the first organic compounds.
Panspermia hypothesis: microbes from outer space came to contact with earth and evolved.
Chemoautotrophic theory: proposed the bacteria from the hydrothermal vents came first.

15. Evolution through the Fossil records
comparison of genes
Prokaryotes
history of life bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
protists
plants
fungi
animals
THE END