1. Spring, 2012 Session 4 – General Chemistry Pt 2

2.  Inorganic chemistry applications to process technology  Analytical methods

3.  Pulp and paper mills  Refineries  Energy Generation  Food processing  Water and wastewater treatment

5.  Cooking (digestion)  Oxygen delignification  Chlorine bleaching  Chemical recovery

6. Cooking or digestion – depolymerization by means of sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide NaOH + Na 2 S + H 2 CO 3 = NaHS + Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O

9. 1.Na 2 SO 4 + 2 C → Na 2 S + 2 CO 2 2.Na 2 S + Na 2 CO 3 + Ca(OH) 2 ←→ Na 2 S + 2NaOH + CaCO 3 3.CaCO 3 → CaO + CO 2 4.CaO + H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2

10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN1Ml8M7U8 A

11.  Hydrodesulfurization  Hydrogen sulfide reaction with amines  Sulfur plant

14.  C 2 H 5 SH + H 2 → C 2 H 6 + H 2 S  MoS catalytic hydrodesulfurization

16.  H 2 S + RNH 2 (amine) = RNH 3 HS  Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)

17. Sulfur plant

18.  2H 2 S + 3 O 2 → 2 SO 2 + 2 H 2 O (step 1)  2H 2 S + SO 2 → 3S + 2H 2 O (step 2)  2H 2 S + SO 2 → 3S + 2H 2 O (overall reaction)  Other reactions on surface of catalyst ◦ COS + H 2 0 → H 2 S + CO 2 ◦ CS 2 + 2H 2 0 → 2H 2 S + CO 2 ◦ COS and CS 2 are formed in the furnace

20.  Combustion  Hydrogen generation  Fuel cells

22.  C n H 2n+2 + (3n/2 + ½)O 2 = nCO 2 + (n+1)H 2 O (complete combustion)  C n H 2n+2 + (n + ½)O 2 = n CO + (n+1)H 2 O (incomplete combustion)

24.  Steam reforming: CH 4 + H 2 O = CO + 3H 2 or CH 4 + 2H 2 O = CO 2 + 4H 2  Water gas shift reaction: CO (g) + H 2 O (v) → CO 2(g) + H 2(g)

27. H 2 + ½ O 2 = H 2 O

29.  Based upon combination of oxygen and hydrogen to make water and produce electricity  Different types of fuel cells (phosphoric acid, alkali, proton exchange membrane, etc.)  http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

30. 2H 2 O = 2H 2 + O 2

32. Battery electrolysis of water

33. Hydrogen gas reservoir

35.  Hydrogen loses electrons, is oxidized, at the anode  Oxygen gains electrons, is reduced, at the cathode  To electrolyze 0.001 gram mole of water to produce 0.0005 gram mole of oxygen gas (O 2 ) and 0.001 gram moles of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) requires the transfer of one faraday of electricity (96.485 coulombs)  0.001 gram mole of hydrogen is equivalent to 22.4 ml of gas at standard conditions  For a cell resistance of 20 ohms and a 3 volt battery, the current flow through the cell would be 3 V / 20 ohms = 0.15 A (0.15 coulombs/second). At this current flow, assuming 100% efficiency, it would take about 11 minutes to generate 22.4 ml of gas

36.  Sugar refining  Beer brewing  Sterilization

38.  Primary treatment (physical separation)  Secondary treatment (biological oxidation)  Disinfection  Tertiary treatment (chemical treatment)

39.  KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O + 2Ca(OH) 2 = Al(OH) 3 + 2CaSO 4 + KOH  Cl 2 + H 2 O = HClO + HCl

41.  Lab glassware  Water analysis ◦ Physical ◦ Chemical  Oil analysis ◦ Physical ◦ Chemical

42.  Beakers – used to contain liquids for mixing together and can be used for rough volume measurements  Pipette – used to deliver measured amounts of liquids into beakers and flasks  Burette – used to deliver measured amounts of liquids for titration  Crucible – used to dry or ash solids

44.  Color (comparison to color standards)  Turbidity (obscuration of light) ◦ Measured in turbidity units (JTU, NTU)  Settleable solids (Imhoff cone) in ml solids/l liquid  Suspended solids (filter, dry solids at 103 deg C) measured as mg of solids per liter of liquid, mg/l  Dissolved solids (filter, dry filtrate at 103 deg C) mg/l  Volatile suspended solids (fire dry solids at 600 deg C) mg/l

45. Turbidity and turbidimeters

46. Settleable solids by Imhoff cone

47. Suspended, volatile and dissolved solids

48.  Standard solutions used for analysis  pH measurement by electrodes  Alkalinity (carbonate and hydroxide content)  Hardness (calcium and magnesium concentrations) ◦ < 50 mg/l is soft water ◦ > 150 mg/l is hard water  Iron and manganese (cause color and stains)  Trace metals (zinc, arsenic, etc.)

49. pH meter

50. Hardness (total and calcium)

51. Organic material ◦ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for amount of oxygen necessary to oxidize organic material mg oxygen required/l – determined by a chemical oxidation ◦ Total Organic Carbon (TOC) for amount of carbon (oxidation of organics to carbon dioxide and measurement of carbon dioxide) mg carbon/l – determined by an instrument ◦ Organic acids (absorption and chemical neutralization ) mg/l

52. Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

53.  Water pH testing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkbcKrcE 9xY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkbcKrcE 9xY  Water hardness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npMq8b0 d3a8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npMq8b0 d3a8

54. Jar tests are used to determine the effectiveness of chemicals added to coagulate and flocculate wastewaters, and to precipitate species. In these tests, different chemicals are added in different doses to see what dose causes the best coagulation and settling.

55. Jar test apparatus and results

58.  Physical testing ◦ Density ◦ Distillation fractions ◦ Gas chromatograph  Chemical testing ◦ Elemental testing by ignition ◦ Boiler feed water analysis

59.  Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 + NaOH = CaCO 3 + NaHCO 3 + H 2 O (hardness)  NaHCO 3 + HCl = NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O (bicarbonate alkalinity)  Others (silica, iron, etc.)