1. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Narcotics and Drug Investigations Chapter 14

2. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overview Current State of Narcotic and Drug Abuse Current State of Narcotic and Drug Abuse Narcotics Narcotics Dangerous Drugs Dangerous Drugs Investigative Procedures Investigative Procedures Review Questions Review Questions Opportunity for Student Questions Opportunity for Student Questions

3. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Learning Objectives Understand the widespread use and abuse of narcotics and dangerous drugs Understand the widespread use and abuse of narcotics and dangerous drugs Understand the relationship of opium to the production and sale of heroin and other narcotics Understand the relationship of opium to the production and sale of heroin and other narcotics Define opium derivatives Define opium derivatives Discuss the origin and current status of cocaine Discuss the origin and current status of cocaine Define the five major classifications of dangerous drugs Define the five major classifications of dangerous drugs List the three basic traditional investigative procedures of the drug inquiry List the three basic traditional investigative procedures of the drug inquiry Understand the principles of the undercover operation Understand the principles of the undercover operation Explain the methods of surveillance and their application to drug investigations Explain the methods of surveillance and their application to drug investigations

4. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Use and Abuse of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Nearly 45% of state prison inmates report that they used a major drug before committing the crime Nearly 45% of state prison inmates report that they used a major drug before committing the crime The national average of arrested Americans of either sex who test positive for drugs is 64% The national average of arrested Americans of either sex who test positive for drugs is 64%

5. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Abuse is Widespread Widespread use is not limited to convicted criminals Widespread use is not limited to convicted criminals –Approximately 16 million Americans admit to currently using illegal drugs during the last month (7% of the U.S. population over 12) –53% of H.S. seniors report using illegal drugs –One in four school-age children has used illegal drugs before reaching high school –America spends $49 billion annually on illegal drugs State and local police arrest 1.3 million for drugs State and local police arrest 1.3 million for drugs The federal authorities arrest 25,000 on drug charges The federal authorities arrest 25,000 on drug charges

6. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Narcotics Narcotic historically refers to drugs that produce a depressant effect on the central nervous system Narcotic historically refers to drugs that produce a depressant effect on the central nervous system There are many synthetic forms of narcotics There are many synthetic forms of narcotics Narcotics is the term that most often describes derivatives obtained from the opium poppy such as Narcotics is the term that most often describes derivatives obtained from the opium poppy such as –Morphine –Heroin

7. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Narcotics (continued) The federal government has classified cocaine and other non-depressants as narcotics The federal government has classified cocaine and other non-depressants as narcotics Cocaine differs from the traditional family of narcotics Cocaine differs from the traditional family of narcotics –First, it is not derived from the opium poppy –Second, it acts as a stimulant rather than a depressant

8. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Opium Poppy The opium poppy is a flowering plant The opium poppy is a flowering plant It produces opium which derives into: It produces opium which derives into: –Morphine –Codeine –Heroin The opium poppy is cultivated for both legal (medical) and illegal uses The opium poppy is cultivated for both legal (medical) and illegal uses

9. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Opium Poppy (continued) The medical uses include: The medical uses include: –Pain relief –Cough suppressant –Controls diarrhea Poppies are grown illegally in Mexico, South America, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia Poppies are grown illegally in Mexico, South America, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia Continued use results in: Continued use results in: –Tolerance –Physical dependence –Addiction

10. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drug Investigator Terminology Physical dependence Physical dependence Withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal symptoms Drug addiction Drug addiction Drugs Drugs –Morphine (typically injected) –Heroine Synthesized from morphine Synthesized from morphine Five times more powerful than morphine Five times more powerful than morphine Second to only cocaine in addiction rates Second to only cocaine in addiction rates Blended with other drugs commonly for greater effects Blended with other drugs commonly for greater effects

11. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Uniform Controlled Substance Act Five Schedules Schedule I Schedule I –High potential for abuse –No currently accepted medical use –Lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision Schedule II Schedule II –High potential for abuse –Currently accepted medical use –May lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

12. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Uniform Controlled Substance Act Five Schedules (continued) Schedule III Schedule III –Potential for abuse –Currently accepted medical use –May lead to moderate or low physical or high psychological dependence Schedule IV Schedule IV –Low potential for abuse –Currently accepted medical use –May lead to limited physical or psychological dependence

13. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Uniform Controlled Substance Act Five Schedules (continued) Schedule V Schedule V –Low potential for abuse relative to schedule IV –Currently accepted medical use –May lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule IV

14. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Heroin Distribution Cycle–Dealer Levels Heroin is bought and sold by those who may be typed according to four basic categories Heroin is bought and sold by those who may be typed according to four basic categories –Principal distributors Organized crime or freelance operators Organized crime or freelance operators Have the funds and connections to establish a production source Have the funds and connections to establish a production source Pay from $18,000 to $25,000 per kilo Pay from $18,000 to $25,000 per kilo –Wholesalers Dilute the product to about 80% purity Dilute the product to about 80% purity Sell to ounce level dealers Sell to ounce level dealers

15. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Heroin Distribution Cycle–Dealer Levels (continued) –Ounce distributor Buys heroin in pound quantities Buys heroin in pound quantities Dilutes the product again to approximately Dilutes the product again to approximately 50 ̶ 60% purity 50 ̶ 60% purity –Street dealer Almost always an addict Almost always an addict Sells to finance the habit Sells to finance the habit Dilutes the product again to approximately 36% purity Dilutes the product again to approximately 36% purity

16. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Crack Distribution Cycle–Dealer Levels

17. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drugs of Abuse Methadone Methadone Cocaine Cocaine –Extracted from the coca bush –Used widely in the late 19 th century and thought at one time to be safe (in 1885 it was added to Coca-Cola) Freebase cocaine Freebase cocaine Crack cocaine Crack cocaine –Highly addictive –Very powerful –Easy to make from cocaine hydrochloride (removes the impurities that diluted it for profit)

18. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drugs of Abuse (continued) Depressants (also referred to as barbiturates) Depressants (also referred to as barbiturates) –Seconal –Valium –Nembutal Rohypnol (known also roofies, used commonly as a date rape drug) Rohypnol (known also roofies, used commonly as a date rape drug) GHB (considered a designer drug and a date rape drug) GHB (considered a designer drug and a date rape drug) OxyContin OxyContin Stimulants (also referred to as amphetamines) Stimulants (also referred to as amphetamines) –Benzedrine –Dexedrine

19. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drugs of Abuse (continued) Methamphetamine Methamphetamine –A rapidly increasing drug problem in the U.S. –Commonly known as meth or crank –More potent than other forms of amphetamine and is highly addictive –Surpassed cocaine as the drug of choice –The “high” of this drug last up to 10 times longer than that created by a similar amount of cocaine Hallucinogens Hallucinogens –LSD –PCP (commonly known as angel dust) –Mescaline and psilocybin

20. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Drugs of Abuse (continued) MDMA (commonly known as Ecstasy) MDMA (commonly known as Ecstasy) –Also known as the love drug –Similar to hallucinogens with an amphetamine effect Marijuana (contains THC) Marijuana (contains THC) Sinsemilla (unusually potent form of marijuana) Sinsemilla (unusually potent form of marijuana) Hashish (a derivative of marijuana) Hashish (a derivative of marijuana) Anabolic Steroids (sports related abuse is widely reported) Anabolic Steroids (sports related abuse is widely reported) Inhalants (chronic abusers are called huffers) Inhalants (chronic abusers are called huffers) –Glue, nail polish –Furniture polish, ether, nitrous oxide, gasoline –Freon, room deodorizers containing butyl nitrite

21. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures The investigation of drugs must take three distinct directions if the total objective of eradicating drug abuse is to be achieved The investigation of drugs must take three distinct directions if the total objective of eradicating drug abuse is to be achieved –Sources of production –Sources of distribution –Sources of abuse

22. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 One Source of Production: The Clandestine Laboratory Contain many hazardous chemicals Contain many hazardous chemicals May be ‘booby trapped’ May be ‘booby trapped’ All who enter must wear protective equipment All who enter must wear protective equipment –SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) –Protective footwear –Protective suit Have a chemist (normally from the crime lab) who is trained in clan labs assist in turning off processes and in the collection of evidence Have a chemist (normally from the crime lab) who is trained in clan labs assist in turning off processes and in the collection of evidence Decontaminate all persons who entered the scene Decontaminate all persons who entered the scene Disposal of chemicals and materials can cost thousands of dollars Disposal of chemicals and materials can cost thousands of dollars

23. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures (continued) Sources of distribution have been the focus of law enforcement efforts Sources of distribution have been the focus of law enforcement efforts The investigative task is to identify and apprehend the drug dealers The investigative task is to identify and apprehend the drug dealers Federal, state, and local law enforcement investigate different levels of drug trafficking Federal, state, and local law enforcement investigate different levels of drug trafficking All profits are taxable, including those gained from illegal drugs–allowing prosecution for tax evasion All profits are taxable, including those gained from illegal drugs–allowing prosecution for tax evasion Civil forfeiture is also an option Civil forfeiture is also an option –Profits from the crime –Proceeds from the crime –Instrumentalities that facilitate the crime

24. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures ̶ Highway Interdiction Highway interdiction is an effective and efficient means of drug seizure and drug arrests Highway interdiction is an effective and efficient means of drug seizure and drug arrests –The patrol officer stops a vehicle for a legitimate reason (speeding, expired tags, etc.) –The officer is alert to evidence of drug activity/transport

25. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Signs of Drug Use– What Officers Look For

26. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures ̶ Highway Interdiction (continued) –After the stop is technically over (giving the driver either a warning or citation, the officer explains to the driver that he or she is free to go) –The driver is then asked, “Oh, by the way, are there any illegal drugs or guns in the vehicle?” The driver invariably will say, “No.” The driver invariably will say, “No.” If the driver says yes, the officer will have probable cause to search the vehicle If the driver says yes, the officer will have probable cause to search the vehicle –The officer then asks if he can search the vehicle, obtaining valid consent for the search –If the driver states that the officer may not search, the officer has no right to detain the driver further, absent reasonable suspicion or probable cause –A drug dog brought to the scene and alerts for drugs gives the police probable cause to search the vehicle

27. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures ̶ What Law Enforcement Finds Controlled substances Drug paraphernalia Packaging materials Ingestion materials Pipes Needles Straws Papers (rolling) Scales Large amounts of moneyLarge amounts of money

28. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigative Procedures ̶ Informants Using informants is an effective investigative procedure Using informants is an effective investigative procedure Informants are developed through different motivations Informants are developed through different motivations –Can be flipped after arrested on drug charges –Others come forward for profit; they are referred to as mercenaries and can be paid for the information –Some volunteer (police wanna-be’s or the good Samaritan)

29. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 What Can Informants Do? Informants Informants –Participate in “controlled buys” –Introduce undercover officers to dealers –Sometimes are required to testify in court Information received from informants can be used as a basis for search warrants if the informant is found to be reliable Information received from informants can be used as a basis for search warrants if the informant is found to be reliable

30. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stages in the Development of Drug Use Patterns Stage 1. Use begins with small, isolated groups Stage 1. Use begins with small, isolated groups Stage 2. Users experiment with other forms of drug abuse Stage 2. Users experiment with other forms of drug abuse Stage 3. Users focus on a specific drug, and dealing accelerates Stage 3. Users focus on a specific drug, and dealing accelerates Stage 4. Drug use increases as does the level of dealing Stage 4. Drug use increases as does the level of dealing Stage 5. Drug use reaches epidemic proportions and overloads police and other public agency resources Stage 5. Drug use reaches epidemic proportions and overloads police and other public agency resources

31. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Undercover Operations Requires the officer to assume a fictitious role Requires the officer to assume a fictitious role Demands quick and decisive thinking Demands quick and decisive thinking The undercover investigation requires The undercover investigation requires –Case preparation –Field operations Informant introduction Informant introduction Narcotics purchase (several from the same source) Narcotics purchase (several from the same source) –Controlled buy–purchased by the informant –“UC buy” (undercover officer buy) purchased by police officer Surveillance of all participants Surveillance of all participants Culminates in the buy-bust ̶ usually the buy-bust is conducted after three purchases, the latter purchases being of higher weights of controlled substances Culminates in the buy-bust ̶ usually the buy-bust is conducted after three purchases, the latter purchases being of higher weights of controlled substances –Multiple purchases are recommended to avoid legal questions regarding entrapment –Higher weights result in more severe charges –Tactically important in the attempt to locate the source of the target

32. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Search Warrant Execution The execution of a S.W. requires planning and coordination The execution of a S.W. requires planning and coordination Once inside, the officers must move quickly into rooms that have been pre-designated before the raid Once inside, the officers must move quickly into rooms that have been pre-designated before the raid All occupants of the premises should be controlled and searched All occupants of the premises should be controlled and searched Read the warrant to the occupant (if present) and furnish a copy Read the warrant to the occupant (if present) and furnish a copy Conduct a thorough and systematic search Conduct a thorough and systematic search Appoint one person as the evidence custodian who will physically seize the evidence after it is found Appoint one person as the evidence custodian who will physically seize the evidence after it is found Using canine units will result in more success in finding narcotics in secreted places Using canine units will result in more success in finding narcotics in secreted places

33. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Surveillance Techniques This is a vital tool of the criminal investigator This is a vital tool of the criminal investigator The FBI reports that after informants, surveillance is the most frequently employed investigative technique in obtaining arrests, indictments, and convictions The FBI reports that after informants, surveillance is the most frequently employed investigative technique in obtaining arrests, indictments, and convictions It is used to develop both intelligence and evidence by identifying: It is used to develop both intelligence and evidence by identifying: –Subjects –Activities –Associates –Residences and places of business –Hangouts Methods include: Methods include: –Moving –Fixed

34. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Review Questions 1. What is the national average of arrested Americans of either sex who test positive for drugs? 2. What three major drugs are derived from the opium poppy? 3. Briefly describe the five schedules of controlled substances. 4. Describe the four types or levels of heroin distributors. 5. What two drugs of abuse are commonly used as ‘date rape’ drugs? 6. What is highway interdiction? Describe the major steps. 7. What purpose does the informant serve in drug investigations? 8. During undercover operations, what are the two types of undercover purchases? 9. What kind of information can surveillance result in?

35. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Student Questions