1. Lesson7a Jupiter Jupiter properties

2. On Earth the rotation is so rapid that the Hadley cell turns east before it reaches the North pole.

4. High Pressure region in the Northern Hemisphere. Air circulation is clockwise around a high pressure region. (Anti-cyclone) North Equator H

6. High Pressure region in the Southern Hemisphere. Rotation is counter-clockwise for high pressure. South Equator H

7. High Pressure regions High pressure regions on Earth are fair weather regions. In order to form clouds, air currents must raise up to altitudes where water vapor turns into water droplets and forms clouds. High pressure stops the ability for these type of currents to form. The result is sunny weather.

8. Regions of low pressure in the Northern Hemisphere. When a region develops where the air pressure is lower than in surrounding regions the air flow is into the low pressure region. Equator L North

9. What will happen to inflowing wind in a Low Pressure area in the Northern Hemisphere? L North Equator

10. In Northern Hemisphere, low pressure systems rotate counter-clockwise. This is called a cyclone. L Equator North

11. Low Pressure Systems In the Southern Hemisphere, lows rotate clockwise. Low pressure means that air is flowing into the region and can develop air currents that move upwards, where the air is cooler. When this happens, water vapor condenses to from droplets and clouds form. Low pressure means clouds and rain.

12. Hurricane (cyclone)

13. Summary Weather patterns are in general governed by two processes. #1. Energy has to heat the air. On Earth this energy comes from the Sun heating the equator. This sets up wind currents toward the poles. #2. The rotation of the planet causes a Coriolis Effect which changes the direction of the wind currents. This sets up changes in the motion of the wind currents and also produces cyclones (low-pressure) and anti-cyclones.

14. Mars cyclone

18. Jupiter

20. Properties Equatorial Radius: 71,492 km (11.2 times Earth) Polar Radius: 66,854 km (10.5 times Earth) Mass: 318 times the Earth Volume: 1321 times the Earth Mean Density: 1.33 gm/cm 3 (Earth is 5.5 gm/cm 3 ) Rotational Period: 9.925 Earth Hours Rotational speed at equator = (2πR)/9.925 hours Rotational speed at equator = 45,300 km/hr That’s 29 times faster than the Earth.

21. Low mean density. Composition: 89.8% Hydrogen 10.2% Helium 0.3% Methane (CH 4 ) 0.026% Ammonia (NH 3 ) Composition of the Sun: 91.2% Hydrogen 8.7% Helium 0.8% Oxygen 0.4% Carbon 0.1% Nitrogen

22. Structure of Jupiter Rocky core? Metallic Hydrogen (ionized) Liquid Hydrogen Gaseous Hydrogen

23. Jupiter heat source Jupiter is at a distance of 5.2 A.U. from the Sun. The Sun’s intensity drops like 1/d 2 How much energy/meter 2 does Jupiter get from the Sun compared to the Earth?

24. . 1.Around 5 times more 2.Around 5 times less 3.Around 25 times more 4.Around 25 times less 5.Around 100 times more 6.Around 100 times less

25. Call I E the energy the Earth gets per unit area from the Sun and I J for Jupiter. I E is proportional to 1/d E 2 I E α 1/d E 2 and I J α 1/d J 2 I E /I J = (1/d E 2 )/(1/d J 2 ) = d J 2 /d E 2 = (5.2 AU) 2 /(1 AU) 2 I E /I J = 27 or I E = 27*I J Earth gets 27 times the energy from the Sun as Jupiter does (per meter squared).

26. Jupiter in Infrared

28. So, given the location of the bright infrared regions compared to the visual image, What can you say about the darker regions in the visual image of Jupiter?

31. Why is the absorbed heat (red line) curved while the green line is flat?

32. . 1.Jupiter’s rapid rotation shares all the emitted heat equally at every latitude. 2.Jupiter’s internal heat is emitted evenly at all latitudes

33. The Sun does heat up Jupiter, especially near the equator, but even there it is far less than what Jupiter emits from its internal heat. This means Jupiter is different than the Earth in a fundamental way. Earth weather patterns get energy from the Sun. Jupiter weather patterns are driven predominantly by its internal heat.

34. Atmospheric Composition The upper cloud layers of Jupiter are mostly composed of ammonia (NH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), water (H 2 0) and Hydrogen-sulfide (H 2 S). At certain layers these compounds either from droplets of liquid, or freeze to form ice crystals.

35. Atmospheric temperature profile

38. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm ons/8/8b/PIA02863_- _Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_10fps.og v http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm ons/8/8b/PIA02863_- _Jupiter_surface_motion_animation_10fps.og v

39. Wind velocity profile

41. Pay special attention to the Great Red Spot. What do you notice about the it, compared to the overlaid plot?

49. Turbulence

50. Low pressure near Equator because air is moving upward. This forms clouds and storms.

51. Hadley cell and polar cell collide and make turbulence.

52. Today from Unisys Weather

53. Turbulence