1. PROTEINS Chapter 7

2. Building Blocks of Proteins? Amine group Carboxylic Acid group R group R O NH2 C C OH H

3. Examples of Amino Acids

4. Essential versus Non-essential

5. Limiting Amino Acid CCCCC AAAAAAAA CAR CAR CAR RRRRRR CAR CAR R A A A C is the limiting amino acid in this example

6. Limiting Amino Acids

7. Complementary Protein Food 1 Food 2 CC CCCC AAAA AA CAR CAR CAR RRR RRR CAR CAR CAR

8. Dietary Aspects PKU = Phenylketonuria Vegetarian Diets

9. Protein Synthesis Step 1: Transcription Step 2: Processing Step 3: Translation

10. Transcription Formation of RNA from DNA template ACTGAT UGACUA DNA= RNA= CODON #1CODON #2

12. Condensation Synthesis Peptide bond Dipeptide Tripeptide Oligopeptide Polypeptide

13. Levels of Protein Structure

14. Sickle Cell Anemia

15. Denaturation of Protein

16. Turnover and Metabolism

17. Protein Digestion

18. Absorption of Amino Acids

19. Functions of Proteins Supplies nitrogen in a useable form Structural components Blood clotting Maintain fluid and acid/base balance Immune function

20. Functions of Proteins Hormones and enzymes Insulin and Thyroxine Pepsin, Trypsin Visual processes Formation of glucose (Gluconeogenesis) Energy Source (4 kcal/energy)

21. RDA for Protein Promotes equilibrium 0.8 gm of protein / kg of healthy body weight 154 lb. = 70 kg 2.2 kg/lb. 70 kg x 0.8 g protein = 56 g protein kg healthy body wt

22. Proteins in Foods

23. Americans tend to eat more animal protein than plant protein (70%) There are many benefits to eating more plant proteins:

24. Plant Protein No cholesterol Low in saturated fat High in (soluble) dietary fiber and phytochemicals HOWEVER: Somewhat less efficient (than animal protein) Lacking in one or more essential amino acid

25. Protein-Energy Malnutrition Types of PEM: Kwashiorkor Marasmus Causes: Famine Anorexia Intestinal disorders

26. Kwashiorkor Low protein density diet Energy needs are marginally met Subcutaneous fat is present Poor growth, edema, weakness, apathy, diarrhea, listlessness

27. Marasmus Starving to death “skin and bones” appearance Insufficient protein, energy, nutrients Little or no subcutaneous fat Reduce brain growth

28. Nutrition Perspective Vegan - primarily eats only plant foods Fruitarian - primarily eats fruits, honey, and vegetable oils Lactovegetarian - consumes plant products and dairy products Lactoovovegetarian - consumes plant products, dairy products, and eggs