1. Including but not limited to how they erupt, the accompanying hazards, the life cycle, features and predicting eruptions

2. » Magma collects underneath the volcano in a magma chamber » Pressure from the earth on the chamber forces magma to rise » Violence dependent on ˃Pressure ˃Dissolved gases

3. » http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2V2kAGp9 1I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2V2kAGp9 1I

4. » Lava flows: eruption of magma at Earth’s surface » Lava flows vary based on the composition of the magma

5. » pahoehoe: fast moving; low viscosity » smooth ropy texture when it hardens » move at a rate of about 1 meter per hour

6. » aa: slow moving; higher viscosity » blocky texture when hardens » move at rates of a few meters per day

7. » Pyroclastic activity: explosive volcanism where tephra is physically blown into the atmosphere

8. » tephra: any material that is blown out of a volcano (mostly ash)

9. » ash fall: huge quantities of rock, glass and gas are blown high into the air » kills vegetation » contaminate water » structural damage » respiratory irritation

10. » lateral blast: explosions of gas and ash from the side of the volcano; destroys part of the mountain

11. » CO2, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide » can cause acid rain; contaminates water supply and vegetation

12. » lahar: debris flows and mudflows » volcanic debris becomes saturated with water » ex. Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

13. » An active volcano has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again in the future » A dormant volcano is not active but may become active in the future » An extinct volcano is at the end of its life and it is no longer able to erupt

14. » crater - depression found at the top of a volcano; formed by the explosion of the upper portion of the cone

15. » hot springs: water is heated by the hot rock and reaches Earth’s surface

16. » geyser: a hot spring that periodically erupts (RARE!) » ex. Old Faithful

17. » caldera: a giant crater that can be more than 12.5 miles in diameter » formed by rare, very violent eruptions » none have occurred in recorded history (they are 1000 times more violent than Mt. St. Helens!) » Yellowstone caldera was formed 600,000 years ago!

19. » Monitoring of seismic activity- often the earliest sign » Thermal monitoring - measuring ground temperatures

20. » Topographic Monitoring - mountain may tilt and swell before an eruption » Volcanic Gas Emissions - changes in composition of gases may indicates rising of magma » Geologic History - geologists map and date rocks around the area