1. The Institutionalization of Power Poli 110J 1.3
“We hold these truths to be self-evident”

2. Course Website adamgomez.wordpress.com
Syllabus, lecture slides, electronic readings, and (eventually) paper topics will be found here under the “Teaching” tab

3. Common Sense (recap) Authority of Reason
Undermines Traditional Authority of the British monarchy
Accessible by anyone who is not blinded by the passions
In this way, the authority of reason is democratic

4. Common Sense (recap) State of Nature as tool of political criticism
Human rights exist prior to any form of government
Thus, these rights have priority over the government, and the government may not in justice infringe upon them

5. Common Sense (recap) Liberal/Enlightenment political values: Commerce
Local government with weak central government
Religious toleration
Rule of Law
Society (freedom, happiness) vs. Government (power, constraint)

6. Declaration of Independence
Should the 13 Colonies declare independence from Britain?
July 1, 1776: vote 9 yes (New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, Rhode Island) 3 no (Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Delaware) 1 abstaining (NY lacked permission)
July 2: Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Delaware change votes. “Unanimous”

7. Declaration of Independence
We are reading the third draft. Jefferson was the sole author of the first, but it was revised in order to preserve the unity of the rebellious colonies.
Removal by congress of passage critical of the slave trade
July 4, approved and sent to printer.
Was it a revolution?
The Declaration of Independence is the first utterance of the United States of America
Speaking the nation into existence (performative)

8. Declaration of Independence
“When in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the Separation.”

9. Declaration of Independence
State of Nature
Laws of Nature (Locke) and Nature’s God (Deism)
Legitimacy of Rebellion
Keen awareness that the attention of the world is on the United States
First democratic government since classical times

10. Declaration of Independence
“WE hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

11. Declaration of Independence
If the truths are self-evident, why bother saying them?
Why then do they need to be “held”?
How does this influence the nature of the American state?
Written in the voice of a single, national people
The US is not a community of shared blood or culture, but of shared belief.

12. Declaration of Independence
The role of God, “the Creator”:
Who is he?
Deism vs. Revealed Religion
What is his political function?
The source of political rights
Political rights are an intrinsic part of being human.

13. Declaration of Independence
What does it mean for all men to be created equal? Equal how?
Is God (of some kind) necessary for this to be true?
In the first utterance of the united American nation, equality is the foundational political good, and the basis for political liberty.
Equality is thus a first order good.

14. Declaration of Independence
“That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”

15. Declaration of Independence
The purpose of government is the preservation of rights
Stemming from equality
An inherent right to revolution
Organization of power to be determined by “the people.”
Again, the people are prior, as are their security and happiness, to the government.

16. Declaration of Independence
“when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security.”

17. Declaration of Independence
Right and Duty
Duty how?
What is the relationship in this between positive and negative liberty?
Freedom

18. Declaration of Independence
Emerging tensions:
Which has priority, liberty or equality?
Is the United States an alliance of independent states, or is it a single, national people?

19. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Approved for ratification by Second Continental Congress Nov. 2, 1777.
During the war. Became de facto system of gov’t until ratified March 1, 1781.

20. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
“To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.”
Unlike the Declaration, this is written in the voice of the various states, not in that of a unified, national people.

21. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
1. Officially names the new nation the United States of America
This is really pretty self-explanatory.

22. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
2. Each state remains sovereign except as limited by the Articles
Internally, each state is effectively independent of the rest. Very strong state powers.

23. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
3. The US is a new nation united “in perpetuity” for the preservation of the rights and security of the various states.
Unlike the Declaration of Independence, the Articles explicitly guarantee the rights and security of states more than they do those of individuals.
The individual is understood to be represented be his or her (that is to say, his) community/State.

24. 4. Unrestricted movement between states for all except “paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives.”
Local law applies
Extradition

25. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
5. Each state gets one vote in the Congress of the Confederation
Unicameral legislature
Disproportionately favors small states. Large states asked to contribute more for only an equal share of legislative power.

26. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
6. Powers of war and foreign relations exclusive domain of central government
Internal powers largely remain with states, but the US deals with the outside world as a single political unit.
Standing armies & navies only for central gov’t, but states may have militias

27. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
8. Central government will be paid for via funds raised by the states
No taxation powers or abilities to make funding compulsory
Could only request funding from the states, to be paid on essentially voluntary basis.
Freerider problem

28. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
9. Powers of central government:
Adjudicate between states
War
Weights, measures, currency

29. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
13. Articles of Confederation are perpetual, can only be altered by unanimous consent of all states.
Unanimity is a hard thing to get. This gives each state immense veto powers.

30. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Problems: Central government
Could not enforce requests for funding
Had no draft powers, could not compel states to comply w/requests for troops.
Often was unable to pay soldiers, much less fulfill promise of life pensions to them.

31. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
Recognition of these problems led to the first major political factionalization of the newly independent United States
Federalists: want fundamental reform of the structure of gov’t, creating a far stronger central government
Anti-federalists: believe that this would infringe on freedoms of the states, and thus of the individuals that they represent.

32. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
For the first time, the question becomes pressing, “What is the United States of America?”