1. I. The Cell- The basic unit of structure and function

2. A. Discovery of Cells 1. Early Microscope ObservationsEarly Microscope Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Robert Hooke 1665

3. a) Robert Hooke (1660) observed cork under a compound microscope and named the box-like structures cells

4. b) Matthias Schleiden 1838 Concluded all plants and plant parts are made of cells

5. c. Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded all animal and animal parts are made of cells

6. d. Rudolf Virchow 1855 Concluded that all cells come from previously existing cells "Omnis cellula e celula"

7. 2. Cell Theory (Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow) a)All organisms are composed of cells b)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms c)All cells come from previously existing cells

8. B.Types of Cells: Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells

9. 1. Prokaryotic Cells small cells with no nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Examples: Bacteria and Blue-green algae

10. 2. Eukaryotic Cells- Cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Plant Animal Fungus Protist

11. C. Cell Size Limitations 1.Based on the ability of the cell to obtain oxygen, nutrients and to get rid of wastes. 2.Surface area to volume ratios are extremely important

12. Sammy Cell Surface Area Vs. Volume Surface Area (Cell membrane)- place where all oxygen, food and wastes must enter and exit the cell Volume (cytoplasm)- substance that uses up food, oxygen and produces waste

13. 1 μm Surface area = length X width X number of sides Volume = length X width X height Surface area = 1 μm X 1 μm X 6 Surface area = 6 μm 2 Volume = 1 μm X 1 μm X 1 μm Volume = 1 μm 3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 6 : 1

14. Surface area = 24 μm 2 Volume = 2 μm X 2 μm X 2 μm Volume = 8 μm 3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 3 : 1 Cell Double Size Surface area = 2 μm X 2 μm X 6 2 μm

15. Surface area = 54 μm 2 Volume = 3 μm X 3 μm X 3 μm Volume = 27 μm 3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 2 : 1 3 μm Cell Triples Size Surface area = 3 μm X 3 μm X 6 3. As a cell grows, its need for oxygen increases faster than its ability to get oxygen. So the cell must divide or suffocate

16. 4.The Importance of Compartmental organization a)Eukaryotic Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and are partitioned into organelles which provide correct environments for specific metabolic processes b)Many enzymes are built into the membranes

17. D. Cells are shaped to perform their function 1. Nerve Cells are long and thin and highly branched to transmit messages throughout the body 2. Red Blood Cells are round for moving through small blood vessels

18. E. Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell

19. 1. Nucleus- organelle responsible for the control of all cellular processes a)A nuclear membrane determines what materials enter and exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores b)While the cell is not dividing, loose strands of DNA appear grainy and are called chromatin c)Nucleolus- dark spherical structure in the nucleus that is rich in RNA and is responsible for the production of ribosomes

20. Nuclear pore Nuclear Membrane Chromatin Nucleolus

21. Which is the SEM and which is the TEM?

23. Chromosomes

24. Chromosome Vs Chromatin DNA Packing

25. 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum- network of internal membranes extending through the cell a) The ER transports materials in the cell b) The Smooth ER (SER) produces lipids, stores calcium and detoxifies certain poisons c) The Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes along its length. Transports many proteins

26. 3. Ribosomes The site of protein synthesis

27. 4. Golgi Apparatus- layers of plate- like membranes which store and package cell products usually for transport out of the cellpackage

28. 5. Lysosome- golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest food

29. Organelles work together to carry out life processes processes

30. 6. Mitochondria- power plant of the cell in which most of the reactions of cellular respiration occur

31. 7. Plastids- organelles found only in plant cells that are involved in the synthesis or storage of food a) Chloroplast- contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which trap light energy for photosynthesis b) Leucoplast- plastid used in the storage of starch and other materials c) Chromoplast- contains pigments that give flowers and Fruits their characteristic colors

32. 8. Cytoskeleton- interlinked microfilaments that form the framework of the cell Cytoskeleton

33. 9. Centrioles- Found in animal cells Anchor spindle fibers during cell divisionAnchor spindle fibers

34. 10. Vacuoles- membrane bound area for digestion food storage, water storage and waste disposal

35. 11. Cilia and Flagella- specialized microtubules used for movementmovement

36. 12.Plasma Membrane- fluid, phospholipid bilayer which determines what materials enter and exit the cell

37. 13. Cell Wall- ridged outer layer of plant cells for support and protection