1. SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19 th century, and the different responses to it.

2. 7.a- Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets The Industrial Revolution marked the shift from manufacturing goods by hand, to a mechanical process for manufacturing. The early Industrial Revolution began in Europe, and was expanded dramatically in England beginning ca. 1750. Textiles were among the first commercial goods to be fully industrialized. The Industrial Revolution in America began around 50 years later, in the late 18 th and early 19 th century- gaining momentum throughout the remainder of the 19 th century (1800s). An early pioneer in American industrialization was Eli Whitney, an inventor from New England. Two of Whitney’s innovations, interchangeable parts for muskets, and the cotton gin, would have tremendous impact on United States history.

3. Eli Whitney Eli Whitney first became well known after he revolutionized the manufacture of guns (muskets) by introducing the concept of interchangeable, mechanically forged parts for the firing mechanism. Instead of making each part by hand, identical parts could be assembled into identical guns, greatly speeding up the production and substantially lowering the cost of manufacturing each gun. Soon, this basic idea- sometimes known as the “factory system” was applied to all sorts of other products- a revolution of industry was under way. In 1793, Whitney also invented the cotton gin (short for “engine”), which mechanically separated the cotton seed from the fibers that were used in the booming textile industry. After its introduction, cotton became quite more profitable to grow, and cultivation quickly spread across the Deep South in the first decades of the 1800s. As a result, slavery spread westward and became an even more entrenched institution in that region.

4. Eli Whitney

5. Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts

6. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

7. Early Industry As in England, textiles were among the first American commodities to be fully industrialized. Using water power to drive mechanical looms, cloth manufacturing first arose in New England, ca. 1810s. Another major advance for both transportation and industrialization in the United States was the development of steam power, first put to use in riverboats by Robert Fulton in 1807. The same technology was soon applied to provide power to factories, which allowed industry to spread rapidly because factories no longer had to depend on a water source to power its machines. The advent of railroads would usher in the next phase of industrial expansion- the first railroads in America appeared around 1830 and over the next decades would spread across the country

8. Early Industrial Scene

9. 7.b- Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny Since the earliest English settlements on the eastern shores of North America, populations looked westward for expansion. Throughout the first half of the 19 th century, the United States continued to acquire western territory through purchase, treaty and war. By 1853, the contiguous U.S. (lower 48 states) had taken its present form. An idea that contributed to this expansion was called “manifest destiny.” The term was coined in 1845, but summarized long standing sentiment in the United States that it was the nation’s destiny, i.e. the will of God, that its sovereignty, people, and culture be extended from coast to coast.

13. 7.c- Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school Beginning around 1820s-1830s, a number of social issues arose that developed into broad based reform movements. Among these were temperance (moderation or abstinence from alcohol), abolitionism (to end slavery), and the issue of public education. Some of these reforms were inspired in part by another widespread religious revival called the Second Great Awakening. Much like the First Great Awakening in the 1730s-40s, this second major revivalist movement unified much of American religious expression, and led to the call for social reform- Inspired by religious ideas, reformers began to target booze and slavery as immoral and “un-Christian” enterprises. Public education also arose as an issue for reform in the 1830s. Horace Mann, a legislator from Massachusetts, is one important figure credited with jumpstarting education reform. In 1837 he oversaw the creation of the first statewide public school board, and advocated for other regions to follow. The Northeast was the first area to institute mandatory public education in the 1850s. Other areas of the nation- the South in particular- mandated public education at a much later date.

14. Second Great Awakening

15. Temperance Cartoon

19. Horace Mann

20. 7.d- Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference The road to suffrage (voting rights, political participation, etc.) for women was a long one. Women did not gain the right to vote in federal elections until the passing of the 19 th amendment to the Constitution, in 1920. The calls for women’s suffrage, however, began much earlier. In 1848, the first organized and publicized Convention for Women’s Rights was held at Seneca Falls, New York. Among the leaders of the convention was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a tireless and eloquent advocate for the women’s rights movement throughout her life. The Seneca Falls Convention published a “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” advocating voting rights for women, among other issues. Although voting rights would not be gained for many years, one important reform initiated by these women’s rights pioneers was a revision of property laws in many states which prevented married women from retaining property.

21. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

23. 7.e- Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism Historians attribute a major shift in American political history with the era of Andrew Jackson, who first ran for president in 1824, was elected in 1828, and again in 1832. The Jacksonian era is marked by a massive expansion of the electorate, brought about by major reforms in most states’ electoral law, primarily the omission of property requirements for voting. Another major reform involved the methods by which candidates were elected to office. Beginning in the 1820s political parties began to replace party caucuses with a convention method to nominate candidates. Party conventions involved a much greater number of rank and file party members, instead of just a handful of party leaders. Jackson’s candidacy and presidency thus coincide with what is considered the rise of the “common man” in American politics. Indeed, Jackson appealed to this idea explicitly, touting his own background from a poor farming family as he campaigned for office. This translated into votes especially from small farmers and “common folk” nationwide, and saw the birth of a new political entity- The Democratic Party. Jackson helped to build party loyalty by making wide use of a system of patronage that became known as the “spoils” system, derived from the saying “to the winner go the spoils.” This system awarded Jackson’s supporters with positions in the administration and throughout the government. This system of political patronage would be a mainstay of political “back-scratching” until the Pendleton Act created the Civil Service Commission in 1883. Ironically, while the reforms of the Jacksonian Era expanded political rights for many, other groups suffered. Native Americans in the east were targeted by Jacksonians, (and Jackson himself) to be removed west of the Mississippi. Eventually these Natives were forcibly marched from their homelands to trans-Mississippian reservations on what became known as the “Trail of Tears.”

24. Andrew Jackson