1. Atoms to Minerals

2. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
What is matter?

3. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Matter is anything that has mass and volume

4. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
We can classify matter by using the Periodic Table
Matter falls under 3 classifications on the periodic table. What are these?

5. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Metal: shiny, ductile, conducts electricity
Non-metal: dull, does not conduct electricity
Metalloid: Shares properties of both metal and non-metal
Elements are classified according to their place on the Periodic Table.

6. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Structure of the Atom
Nucleus: This contains positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons.
Electrons: These surround the nucleus in an electron cloud and are negatively charged.

7. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Structure of the Atom
The atomic number, or identity of the atom, is determined by the number of PROTONS!

8. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Structure of the Atom
Isotopes are atoms with usually more neutrons than protons.
The mass number equals the sum of protons plus neutrons.

9. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Structure of the Atom
Ions are formed when the number of electrons is either more or less than the number of protons.

10. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Bonding of Atoms
A compound is a substance with two or more elements.
Example is table salt or Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

11. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Bonding of Atoms
A covalent bond is when two atoms share electrons.
A molecule is formed by covalent bonding of two or more atoms.

12. Section 5.1: Matter and Atoms
Bonding of Atoms
An ionic bond is when atoms are held together by electrical attraction.

13. Warm up Assignment for Discussion
On a separate piece of paper, brainstorm a list of all the things you use in a day that require natural resources to make.
Tell me which of these items include mineral resources.

14. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
Why should we care about minerals? What do we use them for and what is our impact on the planet by using them?

15. What is the basic chemistry of the Earth’s Crust?

16. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
What is a mineral?

17. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
It occurs naturally.
It is solid.
It has a chemical composition.
It’s atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern (crystal structure).
It is inorganic (not alive).

18. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
How do minerals form?

19. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
How do minerals form?
By the Crystallization of Magma as it cools. Crystals form over long periods of slow cooling of magma.
By the pressure process as minerals are converted to other minerals by great amounts of heat and pressure.
By the evaporation of mineral-rich water. This is how geodes and the Cavern of Crystal Giants formed.

20. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
Silicate Structures and Animations: The Silica Tetrahedron
Four Oxygen atoms combine with one Silicon by covalent bonding of atoms

21. Structure of Graphite vs. Diamond
Both graphite and diamond are made of pure carbon, but diamond is much harder due to its tetrahedral structure. Graphite forms in carbon sheet structures. This allows it to be soft and flaky. This is good for use in pencils and lubrication for lock cores. Diamond is used in industrial purposes for saw blades and abrasives. It is also used as bling bling for jewelry!

22. Structure of Graphite vs. Diamond
Both graphite and diamond are made of pure carbon, but diamond is much harder due to its tetrahedral structure. Graphite forms in carbon sheet structures. This allows it to be soft and flaky. This is good for use in pencils and lubrication for lock cores. Diamond is used in industrial purposes for saw blades and abrasives. It is also used as bling bling for jewelry!

23. Section 5.3: Identifying Minerals
On to the Mineral Identification Lab!

24. Mohs Scale of Hardness Rating Reference Mineral Reference Tool 1
Talc (easily scratched by fingernail) 2
Gypsum (scratched by fingernail)
Fingernail (2.5) 3
Calcite (barely scratched by penny)
Copper Penny (3.5) 4
Fluorite (scratched by glass) 5
Apatite (scratched by glass)
Glass Plate (5.5) 6
Potassium Feldspar (scratches glass, but not steel nail)
Steel File (6.5) 7
Quartz (scratches glass and steel) 8
Topaz (scratches quartz) 9
Corundum (scratches topaz) 10
Diamond (scratches everything)

25. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Silicates
90% of the Minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates.
A silicate is a compound of Silicon, Oxygen, and one or more metallic elements.
Quartz (SiO2)
Orthoclase Feldspar (KAlSi3O8)

26. Section 5.2: Composition and Structure of Minerals
Silicate Structures and Animations: The Silica Tetrahedron
Four Oxygen atoms combine with one Silicon by covalent bonding of atoms

27. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Carbonates
Positive metal ion combined with a negative Carbonate (CO3 2-) ion.
Fizzes with Hydrochloric Acid
Calcite (CaCO3)
Malachite (CaCO3)
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

28. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Halides
Group of minerals that contains one of the halogen elements (F, Cl, Br, I) as a building block
Fluorite (CaF2)
Halite (NaCl)

29. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Native Elements
Elements that are by themselves on the Periodic Table
Diamond (C)
Gold (Au)
Sulfur (S)

30. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Oxides
Metal element combined with oxygen
Valuable for their economic and industrial importance
Hematite (Fe2O3)
Magnetite (Fe3O4)

31. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Sulfates
Compounds containing the sulfate group (SO42-)
Gypsum valuable for its industrial importance in construction (wallboard)
Barite useful as main ore of Barium (used for barium contrast for X-ray machines)
Gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O)
Barite (BaSO4)

32. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Sulfides
Metal element combined with sulfur.
When Hydrochloric Acid is poured on Galena, hydrogen sulfide gas (used to make stink bombs) is produced! Yuck!
Pyrite (FeS2)
Galena (PbS)

33. Section 5.4: Mineral Groups
Phosphates
Minerals that have phosphate (PO4)3- in their chemical formula
Turquoise used for centuries by Egyptians and Native Americans for jewelry
Apatite is the main source of the phosphorous nutrient for plants. Your bones and teeth are made of the same substance as apatite!
Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*5(H2O))
Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) )