1. ONLINE CORC 1332 / EESC 1010 FALL 2013
Tuesday October 29th 6:05-7:45 pm1310N
The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam.
The exam will consist of approx. 40 questions (multiple choice and T/F)
You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler
*Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator *
Exam 1 Office hours ….Also posted on website
(Please see the syllabus)
Bring with you specific questions so we can best help you.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT 1

2. ►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK
A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties.
A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical composition.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

3. ►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a mineral breaks when stressed.
Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of weakness.
Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between atoms in the crystal structure uniform, with bonds of equal strength throughout. When these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly the same.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

4. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
Understand what defines a substance as a crystal.
Difference between crystal and crystalline texture and examples of each.

5. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This property is easily determined and is used widely for field identification of minerals.
►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple” STEEL NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

6. ►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Density = Weight/Volume
1) Begin by recording
the weight of the
specimen, in this
case grams.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

7. Density or specific gravity
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity
2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc ( )
3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.
So, the density of the mineral is 7.79g/cc.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

8. Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK.
The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely powdered form. The streak maybe completely different from the color of the hand specimen. One of the simplest ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

9. ►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄
Review for Exam 1: Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄
HARDNESS
DENSITY
STREAK
COLOR
You’ll be asked to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will be given to you in the test.
Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table:
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

10. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps
You will be responsible to answer questions similar to those on your map assignment.
This includes:
Finding the gradient
Labeling contours
Determining stream direction
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

11. Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Flow
In what general direction is the stream flowing?
Ans: From West to East
(The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow)
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12. Maps: Distance Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that
1.5 cm = 100 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

13. Maps: Distance Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
2) We measure the distance between points Q and T which is 8.5 cm = x miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

14. Maps: Distance Between 2 Points
Calculations
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

15. Maps: Distance Between 2 points
Ans: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

16. Maps: Labeling Contours
Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’?
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 16

17. Maps: Labeling Contours
500
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
500
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft
Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 17

18. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T?
Gradient refers to the steepness between two points. To calculate the gradient we take the difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by the horizontal distance (HD).
First will determine the horizontal distance of the stream.
1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river.
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 18

19. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in.
.5938
5.25
* 5.25
3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = in
*.5938 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shot- your measurements will vary depending on screen resolution.
4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left). The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which refers to the horizontal distance.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 19

20. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T. Begin by labeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine the contour interval of R and T.
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 20

21. Maps: Gradient of a Steam
5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft)
500 ft ft = 100ft
Difference in elevation is = 100ft
500
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 ft
Elevation of point Q = 583 ft
Start Point: Q End Point: R
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences 21

22. Maps: Gradient of a Steam To Calculate Gradient:
To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD):
To Calculate Gradient:
(Using the numbers from the previous slides)
Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet
Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles
100ft
884miles
= 0.11 feet/mile
Gradient= ED = HD
*Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 22

23. Maps: Azimuth Direction
500
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the azimuth direction from the start point towards the end point?
Using the protractor we can determine the azimuth direction to be
approximately 9o (“9 degrees”).
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

24. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points B and F in miles?
First, we determine the distance between points B and F on the map in inches with the ruler.
We measure 2 4/16 OR 2.25 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

25. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is distance between points B and F in miles:
Next we determine the scale of the map, which we are told 1:60,000
(1 inch = 60,000 inches).
Now we can convert the map measurement (2.25 inches) using the scale 1:60,000.
1 in = 60,000 in
2.25 in X
X = 135,000 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

26. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Lastly, we convert 135,000 inches to feet
then to miles.
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
The distance between points B and F in miles is: 2.1 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

27. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
The distance on the map from point A to point C is:
1 9/16 in OR in
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

28. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers?
Next, Determine how many map units make up inches.
Solve for X by cross multiplying:
in = X
1in ,000 in
X = 93,780 inches
one inch = 2.54 cm
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

29. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Maps: Distance
Now we convert 93,780 inches into FEET, then into MILES and finally Miles into KILOMETERS.
one foot = 12 inches
one mile = 5280 feet
one mile = 1.6 km
The distance between points A and C in kilometers is 2.4km
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

30. Maps: Topographic Features
Gentle Slope-widely space contours
Hill
Steep Slope: narrow spaced contours
Maps: Topographic Features
Closed Depression
Describing Topography:
Be able to identify topographic features on a geologic map.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

31. Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles:
Maps: Topography
Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles:
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

32. Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles:
Maps: Topography
Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: B E D C F A
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

33. What are the differences between the two?
What is an outcrop?
What is bedrock?
What are the differences between the two?
►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material.
►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 33

34. Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area
Be able to identify all areas on the map.
Could you:
--Identify each borough, body of water and New Jersey?
--Name the borough located furthest North, South, East West?
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 34

35. Longitude and Latitude
Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator.
For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow)
Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian.
For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow)
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Earth & Environmental Sciences 35

36. Maps: Longitude and Latitude
Determining the latitude and longitude of a point
What is the latitude and longitude at point J?
Answer:
Latitude (Horizontal) 5o 59’ 45” North
Longitude (Vertical) 71o 00’ 00” West
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT

37. What is the latitude and longitude at point H?
Maps: Longitude and Latitude
What is the latitude and longitude at point H?
For the latitude: (pink arrows)
We see that point H is between 5o 59’ 45” and 6o 00’ 00” so we have 15” in between. We take half of 15” which is about 8” and add those 8” to 45” to get a latitude of 5o 59’ 53”.
For the longitude: (blue arrows)
We see that point H lies between
71o 00’ 00” and 71o 00’ 45” so we have 45” in between. Take half of 45” which is about 23” so we add those seconds to 00” to get a longitude 71o 00’ 23”.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT