1. Rock Cycle – Sedimentary Rocks

2. What Rocks Tell Us Rock TypeHow ClassifiedWhat it Tells Us Igneous CompositionTectonic Setting TextureCooling History Sedimentary Chemical Composition Surface Environment Grain Size Energy of Environment Metamorphic CompositionOriginal Rock Type Mineral Makeup Temperature, Pressure TextureDegree of Change

3. Identification of all three rock groups is based on TEXTURE and COMPOSITION Identification of all three rock groups is based on TEXTURE and COMPOSITION the appearance of the rock rock what the rock is made out of – type of minerals what the rock is made out of – type of minerals Love it, Learn it, Live it, be one with it!

4. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS There are 2 ways sedimentary rocks are formed 1. Clastic are made from sediments glued together 2. Non-clastic : not glued together---include chemical & biochemical/organic SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WILL CONTAIN FOSSILS.

5. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM IN LAYERS CALLED STRATA Oldest rocks are on the bottom….youngest on top

6. This is a good example of Stratification

7. 1. CLASTIC Sedimentary Rocks are made from sediments that come from pre-existing rocks that have been weathered (breaking down into smaller pieces) and eroded (transported away) then glued together. THE 2 CLASSES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS The 2 types of weathering include physical (only size changes) and chemical (a new substance is formed).

8. Sediments range in size from tiny pieces of clay to sand, to pebbles, and to stuff as big as boulders Clastic rocks form in a process called lithificaton which means compaction and cementation are occurring

9. Here’s How They Form: Layers of sediment are deposited at the bottom of oceans and lakes As the layers build one on top of another, the pressure on the bottom layers COMPACTS the sediments together In the empty spaces between sediments, natural glues, like calcite, CEMENT the sediments together

10. Look at the processes that are occurring in this animation

11. Clastic Process

12. Examples of clastic sedimentary rocks include CONGLOMERATE BRECCIA SANDSTONE SHALE

13. 2.Non-Clastic contain 2 types: chemical and biochemical CHEMICAL Sedimentary Rocks are made from mineral crystals that formed from chemicals dissolved in water. Here’s How They Form: The water in the oceans, lakes, and underground is often full of dissolved minerals like halite and calcite. Water evaporates leaving the solids behind: rock salt is formed when salt is left after evaporation and limestone is formed when calcite is left behind

14. Limestone Cave Chemical Sedimentary Rocks are also formed in caves where mineral-rich water drips from the ceiling, creating stalactites and stalagmites made out of limestone Limestone Examples of chemical sedimentary rocks include limestone and rock salt

15. BIOCHEMICAL OR ORGANIC Sedimentary Rocks are made from remains of once-living plants or animals (organic matter) COQUINA Made from shells CHALK Made from dead animals Biochemical sedimentary rocks include: coquina, chalk, coal and limestone this is the sedimentary rock type with the most fossils will be found near areas of lots of biological activity COAL Made from dead plants LIMESTONE with fossils in it

16. How is a sedimentary Rock formed??? Pre-existingRockPre-existingRock ErosionErosion Water, Wind, Ice Ice Breaks down Pre-existing rock Breaks down Pre-existing rock SedimentSediment TransportedTransported LakesLakes RiversRivers DepositedDeposited CompactedCementedCompactedCemented LithifiedLithifiedSedimentaryRockSedimentaryRock Why is the earth’s surface 75% sedimentary rocks?????????

17. AMAZING EARTH SCIENCE FACTS 1. Sedimentary rocks form 3 ways: 1. _________ --compacted & cemented 2. Chemical 3. _______________ 2. Sedimentary rocks are found in flat _________ or strata. 3. _______ are found in Sedimentary Rocks. 4. ____________is formed both chemically and organically. Clastic- layers Fossils Limestone Biochemical

18. 5. Clastic rocks are made of _____________, examples are conglomerates, sandstone and shale 6. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks form from _____________ ocean water, which leaves behind evaporates like ___________. sediments evaporating rock salt

20. Sedimentary Rock Identification Lab Sandstone Arches

21. Three major categories of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary rocks Chemical Sedimentary rocks Bio-chemical (bio-clastic) Sedimentary rocks Three major categories of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary rocks Chemical Sedimentary rocks Bio-chemical (bio-clastic) Sedimentary rocks

22. Clastic (inorganic-detrital) rocks are composed of particles or grains. Rock name is dependent on grain size. Decreasing grain size 2+ mm 2 mm 1/16 mm 1/256 mm

23. Chemical Rocks – inorganic, non-clastic rocks that are commonly the result of evaporation and precipitation Chemical rocks contain no fossils, or biological material but may react with HCl Chemical Rocks – inorganic, non-clastic rocks that are commonly the result of evaporation and precipitation Chemical rocks contain no fossils, or biological material but may react with HCl The Great Salt Lake, Utah halite (salt) crystals The Great Salt Lake, Utah halite (salt) crystals Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) chemical rocks (evaporation / precipitation processes) Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) chemical rocks (evaporation / precipitation processes) Chemically precipitated SiO 2

24. Bio-chemical (bio-clastic, biogenic) rocks – result from animal and plant secretions. The term clastic indicates that these rocks contain fossils or parts of plants shells, compacted plat material Bio-chemical (bio-clastic, biogenic) rocks – result from animal and plant secretions. The term clastic indicates that these rocks contain fossils or parts of plants shells, compacted plat material Animal parts Cemented shell fragments Lithified plant material

25. Classification Procedure Step 1: Determine if the rock is clastic or non-clastic Step 2: If the rock is clastic, determine the grain size and diagnostic properties. Make the ID. Step 2: If the rock is clastic, determine the grain size and diagnostic properties. Make the ID. Step 3: If the rock is not clastic, determine if the rock is either chemical or bioclastic chemical – will not contain particles such as grains and organic material. Test rock to observe fizzing (carbonates) Match diagnostic properties on chart for ID bio-clastic- rock will be composed of particles that are organic- animal parts, plant secretions. Test rock to observe fizzing (carbonate) Match diagnostic properties on chart for ID Step 3: If the rock is not clastic, determine if the rock is either chemical or bioclastic chemical – will not contain particles such as grains and organic material. Test rock to observe fizzing (carbonates) Match diagnostic properties on chart for ID bio-clastic- rock will be composed of particles that are organic- animal parts, plant secretions. Test rock to observe fizzing (carbonate) Match diagnostic properties on chart for ID