2. Mr. Kurtis D. Werner

4. The Decline of the Empire: 18c

5. Crimean War: 1854-1856 The “Sick Man of Europe”!

6. The Ottoman Empire in 1914

7. Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909 The Last Ottoman Emperor!

8. The Young Turks Revolt: 1908  Progressive Individuals who wanted to rid the Empire of the Sultan and introduce reform  Mehmet Talaat  Grand Vizier, 1917-1918  Enver Pasha  Minister of War  Ottoman Commander- in-Chief

9. The Young Turks Program  Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights:  freedom of speech.  freedom of assembly.  freedom of the press.  Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

10. T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935] “Lawrence of Arabia,” The Legend Begins

11. The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

12. The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks Br. General Edmund Allenby

13. The British & Arab Armies Meet Lawrence & Faisal’s Forces British Forces

14. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians 1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

15. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total: 2,133,190387,800

17. World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

18. Two Armed Camps Central Powers: Allied Powers:

19. Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

20. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)  Republican People’s Party Goals:  republicanism (National Assembly).  nationalism (“Turkification”).  populism (for the benefit of the people).  statism (state-controlled economy).  secularism (free from religious control).  reformism.  1924  abolished the caliphate. “Father Turk”

21. Atatürk’s Reforms 1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith  Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.  Secular education.  Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.  Sharia courts closed  new secular courts. 2. Western-style clothing  Forbid the wearing of the fez   Western-style men’s suits.  Attacked the veiling of women.

22. Atatürk’s Reforms 3. Language Reform:  Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script.  Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions. 4. State Socialism:  State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. 5. Adoption of a Surname

23. Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

24. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!  First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in 1908.  Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911  drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.  Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British.  Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.  In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

25. Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!”  American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions in Bahrain in 1929.  In 1933, American oil companies win an oil concession in Saudi Arabia.  ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

26. Rezah Khan (1877-1944)  an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.  declared himself SHAH in 1925.  created the Pahlavi Dynasty.  ruled from 1925-1941.  initiated some modern reforms.  forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

27. Reforms in Iran  Secularization  seizure of religious lands.  Adoption of the French civil code.  Built the Trans-Iranian Railroad.  Improved education.