1. Minerals Chapter 7

2. What are minerals? Inorganic molecules Essential for human survival No caloric value Not degraded by cooking or digestion

3. Mineral Classification Major Minerals Needed in amounts > 100 mg Common examples –Sodium –Potassium –Calcium Trace Minerals Needed in amounts < 100 mg Common examples –Iron –Zinc –Chromium

4. Major Mineral: Calcium Most abundant mineral Functions: –Blood clotting –Muscle contraction –Nerve transmission –Bone formation AI: –Men and women (19– 50 yo) = 1,000 mg Source: USDA

5. Major Mineral: Calcium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Hypocalcemia (rare) –Muscle spasms –Convulsions –Low bone density Symptoms of toxicity: –Hypercalcemia –Calcium deposits –Kidney stones –Fatigue –UL = 2,500 mg Are supplements needed ?

6. Major Mineral: Phosphorus Functions: –Bone and tooth formation –Cell membrane formation –Enzyme activity AI: –700 mg Source: USDA

7. Major Mineral: Phosphorus (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Bone malformation –Bone pain –Muscle weakness Symptoms of toxicity: –Altered calcium metabolism –Osteoporosis –UL = 4,000 mg Are supplements needed?

8. Major Mineral: Magnesium Functions: –Bone formation –Blood clotting –Regulation of blood pressure –Enzyme activity RDA: –Men = 400 mg (19–30 yo) to 420 mg (31–70 yo) –Women = 310 mg (19–30 yo) to 320 mg (31–70 yo) Source: USDA

9. Major Mineral: Magnesium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Irritability –Muscle cramps –Heart arrhythmias –Hypertension Symptoms of toxicity: –Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting –Muscle weakness –UL = 350 mg (from supplements only) Are supplements needed?

10. Major Mineral: Sodium Functions: –Major electrolyte –Nerve impulse transmission –Muscle contraction –Regulation of blood pressure RDA: –1,500 mg Photo © Photodisc

11. Major Mineral: Sodium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Hyponatremia –Nausea, vomiting –Seizures, coma Are supplements needed? Symptoms of toxicity: –Swelling –Increased blood pressure –UL = 2,300 mg

12. Major Mineral: Chloride Functions: –Major electrolyte –Nerve impulse transmission –Aids digestion (HCl) –Fluid balance AI: –2,300 mg Photo © Photodisc

13. Major Mineral: Chloride (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Increased blood pH –Abnormal heart rhythm –Poor blood flow Symptoms of toxicity: –Increased blood pressure –UL = 3,500 mg Are supplements needed?

14. Major Mineral: Potassium Functions: –Major electrolyte –Nerve impulse transmission –Muscle contraction –Blood pressure regulation RDA: –4,700 mg Photo © Digital Stock

15. Major Mineral: Potassium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Muscle cramping –Muscle weakness –Loss of appetite –Heart arrhythmias Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –UL not established Are supplements needed? Photo © Digital Stock

16. Major Mineral: Sulfur Functions: –Part of hundreds of sulfur containing compounds in the body No RDA, EAR, or AI has been established

17. Major Mineral: Sulfur (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Deficiencies rare –None that are readily apparent Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –Diarrhea and colitis –UL not established Are supplements needed?

18. Trace Mineral: Iron Functions: –Oxygen transport and utilization –Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin RDA: –18 mg (females aged 19 to 50) –8 mg (all others) Source: USDA

19. Why are athletes at increased risk for iron deficiencies? Low dietary intake –Vegetarians beware Increased demand for hemoglobin and myoglobin due to training and sport Loss through sweat Mechanical hemolysis

20. Trace Mineral: Iron Signs of deficiency: –Deficiencies common –Anemia –Fatigue Symptoms of toxicity: –Nausea, diarrhea –Hemachromatosis –UL = 45 mg Are supplements needed?

21. Trace Mineral: Zinc Functions: –Cofactor in over 200 enzymatic systems Wound healing Growth and maintenance Protein synthesis CNS, GI, and reproductive systems RDA: –Men = 11 mg –Women = 8 mg Source: USDA

22. Trace Mineral: Zinc (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Deficiency rare –Poor immunity –Dermatitis –Diarrhea –Loss of appetite Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –Nausea and vomiting –Increased LDL –Anemia –UL = 40 mg Are supplements needed?

23. Trace Mineral: Chromium Functions: –Enhances function of insulin –Decreases cellular insulin resistance AI: –Men = 35 µg –Women = 25 µg

24. Trace Mineral: Chromium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –High blood sugar –Decreased muscle endurance Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –High levels may decrease Zn and Fe absorption –UL not established Are supplements needed?

25. Trace Mineral: Fluoride Functions: –Bone and tooth mineralization –Prevents dental caries –Ligament/tendon strength AI: –Men = 4 mg –Women = 3 mg

26. Trace Mineral: Fluoride (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Dental caries –Increased bone fractures Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –Fluorosis –Gastritis –Stiff joints –UL = 10 mg Are supplements needed?

27. Trace Mineral: Copper Functions: –Iron metabolism –Antioxidant cofactor –Enzyme cofactor in tissue growth and energy metabolism RDA: –900 µg Source: USDA

28. Trace Mineral: Copper (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Deficiency rare –Anemia –Bone and connective tissue abnormalities –Menkes Syndrome Symptoms of toxicity: –GI distress –Liver disease –Wilson’s Disease –UL = 10,000 µg Are supplements needed?

29. Trace Mineral: Manganese Functions: –Enzyme cofactor Metabolism Antioxidant Tissue growth AI: –Men = 2.3 mg –Women = 1.8 mg Source: USDA

30. Trace Mineral: Manganese (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Poor growth –Bone and connective tissue abnormalities –Altered CHO and fat metabolism Symptoms of toxicity: –Fatigue, weakness –Neurological problems –UL = 11 mg Are supplements needed?

31. Trace Mineral: Iodine Functions: –Assists in synthesis of thyroid hormones RDA: –150 µg Source: USDA

32. Trace Mineral: Iodine (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Weight gain –Cold intolerance –Goiter Symptoms of toxicity: –Also can cause goiter –UL = 1,100 µg Are supplements needed?

33. Trace Mineral: Molybdenum Functions: –Antioxidant cofactor –Enzyme cofactor in metabolism of amino acids containing sulfur RDA: –45 µg

34. Trace Mineral: Molybdenum (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Deficiency rare –Symptoms unknown Symptoms of toxicity: –Toxicity rare –Symptoms unknown –Can decrease copper absorption –UL = 2,000 µg Are supplements needed?

35. Trace Mineral: Selenium Functions: –Component of many proteins in body –Enzyme cofactor Immune function Thyroid function Antioxidant RDA: –55 µg Source: USDA

36. Trace Mineral: Selenium (continued) Signs of deficiency: –Deficiency rare –Cardiomyopathy –Increased risk for cancer Symptoms of toxicity: –Brittle hair and nails –Hair and nail loss –UL = 400 µg Are supplements needed?

37. Other Trace Minerals