1. Gettysburg Summer of 1863 – a turning point for the Union Gettysburg Address by Lincoln to dedicate the cemetery

2. Vicksburg Summer of 1863 – turning point for the Union In Mississippi – along the Mississippi River Union captured Southern supply and transportation line in west

3. Segregation Forced separation of people

4. Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy Ordered attack on Fort Sumter

5. Appomattox Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Grant (Union) ending the Civil War

6. Emancipation Proclamation Changed the focus of the Civil War Put the issue of slavery over state’s rights

7. Dred Scott Decision Supreme Court decision stating that Congress could not ban slavery in territories

8. 13 th Amendment Abolished Slavery

9. 14 th Amendment Defined citizenship Basis of the civil rights movement

10. 15 th Amendment Gave African American men the right to vote Basis of the civil rights movement

11. Reconstruction Act of 1867 Established military rule in the South for 12 years.

12. Wounded Knee Last battle of the Plains (Indian) Wars

13. Plains Native Americans Buffalo was key to their culture Drastically affected by the coming of the railroad and settlers

14. Great American Desert A false description of the land west of the Mississippi River prior to massive settlement

15. The Plight of Plains Farmers Difficulties faced by the settler’s farming on rich soil Suffered from drought, Plains Indian conflicts, limited water

16. The Mining Industry Mining of gold/silver in the Rocky Mt. Region Caused cities to grow quickly Used company towns

17. Cattle Industry Profitable after the Civil War due to the population growth in the East

18. Barbed Wire Replaced wooden fences on the prairie and aided the growing cattle industry

19. Little Big Horn Site where Plains Indians defeated the US government Calvary was led by General Custer

20. Promontory Point Where the Transcontinental Railroad met in Utah

21. Buffalo Key to the Plains Indian culture Population severely lowered due to settlers and the railroad

22. Dawes Act Act of Congress that resulted in the break-up of Native American nations, moving them to reservations

23. Homestead Act Act of Congress (1862) to promote settlement of the Plains

24. Railroad Industry Standardized time and established time zones for consistent scheduling and routing purposes

25. Industrial Development Flourished due to the nation’s abundant natural resources

26. Social Darwinism The idea that men who were wealthy were of superior talent and the “fittest” in society

27. Sherman Antitrust Act Act of Congress to prevent businesses from consolidating It was not enforced

28. Thomas A. Edison Invented the incadescent bulb (light bulb) and the phonograph

29. John D. Rockefeller Founded Standard Oil Linked with horizontal integration

30. Standard Oil Consolidation of 40 companies under the management of Rockefeller Trust

31. Ida Tarbell Journalist who exposed Rockefeller’s method of business

32. Alexander G. Bell Invented the telephone

33. Gustavus Swift Meatpacking entrepreneur (one of the people who profited from the growth of the cattle industry)

34. Meatpacking Industry One of the first industries that grew large enough to eliminate smaller competition Grew out of cattle industry

35. Jane Addams Founded the Settlement House (Chicago) in the late 1800s to aid poor immigrants

36. Company Towns Communities owned and operated by businesses Common in mining and meatpacking industries

37. Jacob Riis Author/photographer who documented life in the factories and in immigrant tenements

38. Business Cycle The recurring sequence of changes in business activity (upswing/peak to recession/depression)

39. Knights of Labor Union that hired skilled and unskilled labor

40. AFL American Federation of Labor Union that hired only skilled workers

41. Samuel Gompers Head of AFL Key leader in the labor movement

42. Urbanization Growth of cities Occurred after the Civil War due to immigrants and growth of industry

43. Immigration (old/new) Pre-1890: from Northern and Western Europe Post-1890: from Southern and Eastern Europe and stayed in urban areas

44. Child Labor Laws Established to protect children in factories Laws were usually ignored by businesses and not enforced by government

45. Vertical Integration Different, but related business activities Linked with the steel industry and Andrew Carnegie