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2. Question 1 What is placer mining? Early prospectors would extract shallow deposits of ore with pick and shovels

3. Question 2 What is quartz mining After ore deposits near the surface dwindled, mine companied dug deep mine shafts to find minerals

4. Question 3 What is a trade union An organization of workers with the same trade or skill

5. Question 4 What is laissez-faire mean for the economy? Government does not interfere

6. Question 5 People using the phrase “Pikes Peak or Bust” were what? Gold miners

7. Question 6 What does a trust do? manages property for others

8. Question 7 What could be turned into kerosene? petroleum

9. Question 8 What are haciendas? Huge ranches that covered thousands of acres

10. Question 9 What does free market regulate under laissez-faire? prices and wages

11. Question 10 Under laissez faire, when should the govt. interfere in the economy? Protect property and maintain peace

12. Question 11 Who taught their trade to American cowboys? vaqueros

13. Question 12 Who were measured to get sizes for ready-made clothes? Civil War soldiers

14. Question 13 Why couldn’t eastern cattle survive on the Great Plains? They could not eat the tough prairie grasses

15. Question 14 Who signed the Pacific Railway Act that led to the railroad boom? Lincoln

16. Question 15 What did prices falling faster than wages lead to in the late 1800s? Workers buying power increasing

17. Question 16 What is an industrial union? Organization of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry

18. Question 17 What is vertical integration? A company owns all of the different businesses on which it depends for its operation

19. Question 18 What does the Automatic loom do? changes bobbins without stopping

20. Question 19 What is one way companies can achieve economies of scale purchase of new machines

21. Question 20 What was the major trail cowboys used to drive cattle to a railroad line Chisholm Trail

22. Question 21 What kept herds of cattle from roaming freely and threaten the cattle ranchers way of life? Barbed wire

23. Question 22 Who were prairie fires a hardship for? Great Plains settlers

24. Question 23 Why did the railroads sell government land grants? raise most of the money that was needed to build the railroad

25. Question 24 When did farmers plant seeds deep in the ground? Dry farming

26. Question 25 Where did the Cheyenne go to negotiate before the Sand Creek Massacre? Fort Lyon

27. Question 26 What country did rail workers that Central Pacific Railroad hired come from? China

28. Question 27 How long did a homesteader have to live on the land for it to become theirs under the Homestead Act? 5 years

29. Question 28 What does holding company own in companies that produce goods? stock

30. Question 29 Who on the Great Plains could invest in the tools they needed? Large landholders

31. Question 30 What did the federal govt. give to railroad companies to encourage rapid construction of the tracks? land along its right-of-way

32. Question 31 What did air brakes lead to? longer and heavier trains

33. Question 32 What ended the cattle drives? fencing of the open range

34. Question 33 What act gave Native Americans land for farming? Dawes Act

35. Question 34 Lower costs and increased production in what? Economies of scale

36. Question 35 The confrontation at Wounded Knee occurred because the chief’s followers did what? Performed a ritual

37. Question 36 Why did many farmers on the Great Plains mortgage their land to survive? a glut of wheat on the world market caused prices to drop

38. Question 37 What type of costs are wages, shipping charges, and supplies? Operating costs

39. Question 38 What protected new industries from foreign competition? tariffs

40. Question 39 What type of costs are loans, mortgages, and taxes? Fixed costs

41. Question 40 What did the army kill to force Native Americans on reservations? buffalo

42. Question 41 The Comstock Lode was a rich deposit of what? Silver

43. Question 42 Many of the first miners in the Colorado mountains did not find any minerals because why? The minerals were buried too deep