1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The West: Exploiting An Empire 17

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beyond the Frontier 1840: Settlement to Missouri timber country Eastern Plains have rich soil, good rainfall High Plains, Rockies semi-arid Most pre-Civil War settlers head directly for Pacific Coast

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Physiographic Map of the U.S.

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Crushing the Native Americans 1867: 250,000 Indians in western U.S. – Displaced Eastern Indians – Native Plains Indians By the 1880s: – Most Indians on reservations – California Indians decimated by disease By the 1890s, Indian cultures crumble

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of the Plains Indians: Political Organization Plains Indians nomadic, hunt buffalo – Skilled horsemen – Tribes develop warrior class – Wars limited to skirmishes, “counting coups” Tribal bands governed by chief and council Loose organization confounds federal policy

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of the Plains Indians: Social Organization Sexual division of labor –Men hunt, trade, supervise ceremonial activities, clear ground for planting –Women responsible for child rearing, art, camp work, gardening, food preparation Equal gender status common –Kinship often matrilineal –Women often manage family property

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy Trans-Mississippi West neglected Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 excludes any white from Indian country without a license Land regarded as Indian preserve

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native Americans in the West: Major Battles and Reservations

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy After 1850, more whites in Indian country John Chivington and the Sand Creek massacre Sioux War of 1865–1867 and Fetterman Massacre

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy Debate over Indian policy –Humanitarians want to “civilize” Indians –Others want firm control and swift reprisal Humanitarians win with “small reservation” policy

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Final Battles on the Plains Small reservation policy fails – Young warriors refuse restraint – White settlers encroach on Indian lands Final series of wars suppress Indians – 1876, Little Big Horn: Sioux defeat Custer – Most battles result in Indian defeat, massacre – 1890, Wounded Knee: Massacre to suppress “Ghost Dances”

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The End of Tribal Life 1887: Dawes Severalty Act – Destroys communal ownership of Indian land – Gives small farms to each head of a family – Indians who leave tribes become U.S. citizens Near-extermination of buffalo deals devastating blow to Plains Indians

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Settlement of the West Unprecedented settlement 1870–1900 Most move west in periods of prosperity Rising population drives demand for Western goods

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Men and Women on the Overland Trail California Gold Rush begins Great Migration Settlers start from St. Louis, Missouri, in April to get through Rockies before snow Pacific trek takes at least 6 months

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Federal Incentives 1860–1900: Federal land grants –48 million acres granted under Homestead Act –100 million acres sold to private individuals, corporations –128 million acres granted to railroad companies

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Federal Incentives Congress offers incentives to development –Timber Culture Act of 1873 –Desert Land Act of 1877 –Timber and Stone Act of 1878

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Speculators and Railroads Most land acquired by wealthy investors Speculators send agents to stake out best land for high prices –River bottoms –Irrigable areas –Control of water Railroads settle grants with immigrants

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Water and Development Water scarcity limits Western growth –Much of the West receives less than 20 inches of rainfall annually –People speculate in water as in gold 1902: Newlands Act sets aside federal money for irrigation projects

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Territorial Government Western territorial officials appointed Territorial patronage systems persist Some Westerners make livings as Congressmen Territorial experience produces unique Western political culture

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Spanish-Speaking Southwest Spanish-speakers of the Southwest contribute to culture, institutions – Irrigation – Stock management – Weaving – Natural resource management Spanish-Mexican Californians lose lands after 1860s

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Bonanza West Quest to “get rich quick” produces: – Uneven growth – Boom-and-bust economic cycles – Wasted resources – “Instant cities” like San Francisco Institutions based on bonanza mentality

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Mining Bonanza Mining first attraction to the west Mining frontier moves from west to east – Individual prospectors remove surface gold – Big corporations move in with the heavy, expensive mining equipment 1874–1876: Black Hills rush overruns Sioux hunting grounds

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Regions of the West

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Camp Life Camps sprout with each first strike Camps governed by simple democracy Men outnumber women two to one Most men, some women work claims Most women earn wages as cooks, housekeepers, and seamstresses

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Ethnic Hostility 25–50% of camp citizens were foreign- born French, Latin Americans, Chinese hated 1850: California Foreign Miner’s Tax drives foreigners out 1882: Federal Chinese Exclusion Act suspends Chinese immigration for 10 years

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Effects of the Mining Boom Contributed millions to economy Helped finance Civil War, industrialization Relative value of silver and gold change Early statehood for Nevada, Idaho, Montana Invaded Indian reservations Scarred, polluted environment Ghost towns

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza The Far West ideal for cattle grazing Cattle drives take herds to rail heads Trains take herds to Chicago for processing Profits enormous for large ranchers Cowboys work long hours for little pay Cowboys self-governing

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Cattle Trails

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza By 1880, wheat farmers begin fencing range Mechanization modernizes ranching 1886: Harsh winter kills thousands of cattle Ranchers reduce herds, switch to sheep

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza 1870–1890 farm population triples on plains African American “Exoduster” farmers migrate from the South to escape racism Water, building materials scarce Sod houses are common first dwelling

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Farming Methods Barbed wire allows fencing without wood Dry farming: Deeper tilling, use of mulch New strains of wheat resistant to frost 1885–1890: Drought ruins bonanza farms Small-scale, diversified farming adopted

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Discontent on the Farm Farmers’ grievances: – Declining crop prices – Rising rail rates – Heavy mortgages The Grange becomes a political lobby Trans-Mississippi farmers become more commercial, scientific, productive

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Agricultural Land Use in the 1880s

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Final Fling 1889: Oklahoma opened to white settlement Changing views of Far West – “Frontier thesis” treated West as cradle of individualism, innovation – New Western History sees West as arena of conflicting interests, erosion of environment

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Meaning of the West Historians differ in their interpretation of the American frontier experience –Frederick Jackson Turner –“New Western historians” The West was the first American empire and played a profound role in shaping American customs and character